Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

Tetlow, Holly Alexandra; Boer, J. Posthuma de; Ford, Ian J.; Vvedensky, Dimitri D.; Coraux, Johann; Kantorovich, Lev

doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2014.03.003

Cited by 247 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 378 publications

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“…Consequently, graphene domains tend to nucleate in random orientations, producing polycrystalline films. [1][2][3][4][5] Much has been learned about the factors that control domain orientation, particularly on metal substrates. For example, it has been shown that a single, energetically preferred orientation exists on Ir(111), where the preferred graphene orientation is dictated by the amplitude of the moiré corrugation of the graphene film induced by film-substrate interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the rotational alignment of graphene domains grown on Ge(110) andGe(111)

et al. 2015

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We have used low-energy electron diffraction and microscopy to compare the growth of graphene on hydrogen-free Ge(111) and Ge(110) from an atomic carbon flux. Growth on Ge(110) leads to significantly better rotational alignment of graphene domains with the substrate. To explain the poor rotational alignment on Ge(111), we have investigated experimentally and theoretically how the adatom reconstructions of Ge interact with graphene. We find that the ordering transition of the Ge(111) adatom reconstruction is not significantly perturbed by graphene. Density functional theory calculations show that graphene on reconstructed Ge(110) has large-amplitude corrugations, whereas it is remarkably flat on reconstructed Ge(111). We argue that the absence of corrugations prevents graphene islands from locking into a preferred orientation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the rotational alignment of graphene domains grown on Ge(110) andGe(111)

et al. 2015

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“…As a result, the carbon on the surface is formed. Whilst maintaining the relevant parameters of the process, carbon can create the structure of grapheme [14,19]. Another technique for the preparation of graphene on a SiC substrate is the carbon deposition from the gas phase (CVD), so-called vapor phase epitaxy.…”

Section: Growth On Sicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method involves stopping the sublimation by using a suitable flow of argon in the reactor and the deposition of carbon films from a hydrocarbon (eg. propane) added to the carrier gas [19]. The size of thus produced graphene is limited only by the size of the used substrate.…”

Section: Growth On Sicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene as a Material for Solar Cells Applications

Czerniak-Reczulska

Niedzielska

Jędrzejczak

2015

Advances in Materials Science

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Graphene is a two-dimensional material with honeycomb structure. Its unique mechanical, physical electrical and optical properties makes it an important industrially and economically material in the coming years. One of the application areas for graphene is the photovoltaic industry. Studies have shown that doped graphene can change one absorbed photon of a few electrons, which in practice means an increase in efficiency of solar panels. In addition, graphene has a low coefficient of light absorption 2.3% which indicates that is an almost completely transparent material. In fact, it means that solar cells based on graphene can significantly expand the absorbed spectrum wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Graphene additionally is a material with a very high tensile strength so it can be successfully used on the silicon, flexible and organic substrates as well. So far, significant effort has been devoted to using graphene for improving the overall performance of photovoltaic devices. It has been reported that graphene can play diverse, but positive roles such as an electrode, an active layer, an interfacial layer and an electron acceptor in photovoltaic cells. Research on solar cells containing in its structure graphene however, are still at laboratory scale. This is due to both lack the ability to produce large-sized graphene and reproducibility of its parameters.

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“…Much interest is directed at the study of proceedings to obtain graphene in the form of highly reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [114,115] or chemically modified graphene [116,117] from the oxidation and exfoliation of graphite and successive chemical reduction. In the bottom-up growth of graphene sheets (Table 1), the synthesis of graphene [70] can be obtained via epitaxial growth [71][72][73], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82], electrochemical reduction of CO and CO 2 [83,84], arc discharge [85,86], unzipping carbon nanotubes [70,87], organic synthesis [88], and pyrolysis [89][90][91].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Graphene Based TiO2 Nanocomposites (GTiO2Ns) for Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Dyes

et al. 2017

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Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, paper, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. During industrial processes, some of these dyes are released into the wastewater and their successive release into rivers and lakes produces serious environmental problems. TiO 2 is one of the most widely studied and used photocatalysts for environmental remediation. However, it is mainly active under UV-light irradiation due to its band gap of 3.2 eV, while it shows low efficiency under the visible light spectrum. Regarding the exploration of TiO 2 activation in the visible light region of the total solar spectrum, the incorporation of carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, in order to form carbon-TiO 2 composites is a promising area. Graphene, in fact, has a large surface area which makes it a good adsorbent for organic pollutants removal through the combination of electrostatic attraction and π-π interaction. Furthermore, it has a high electron mobility and therefore it reduces the electron-hole pair recombination, improving the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor. In recent years, there was an increasing interest in the preparation of graphene-based TiO 2 photocatalysts. The present short review describes the recent advances in TiO 2 photocatalyst coupling with graphene materials with the aim of extending the light absorption of TiO 2 from UV wavelengths into the visible region, focusing on recent progress in the design and applications in the photocatalytic degradation of synthetic dyes.

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Growth of epitaxial graphene: Theory and experiment

Cited by 247 publications

References 378 publications

On the rotational alignment of graphene domains grown on Ge(110) andGe(111)

On the rotational alignment of graphene domains grown on Ge(110) andGe(111)

Graphene as a Material for Solar Cells Applications

Recent Advances in Graphene Based TiO2 Nanocomposites (GTiO2Ns) for Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Dyes

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