Growth inhibition and morphological alteration of Fusarium sporotrichioides by Mentha piperita essential oil

Abstract

Objective:The aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical composition, antifungal activity of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPE) against Fusarium sporotrichioides.Methods:The phytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) analysis and mycelia growth inhibition was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), the morphological characterization was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the membrane permeability was determined by the release of extracellular constituents, pH, and total lipid content.Result:In GC MS analysis, 22 metabolites were identified such as menthol, l menthone, pulegone, piperitone, caryophyllene, menthol acetate, etc. The antifungal activity against targeted pathogen, with MIC and MFC 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. The MPE altered the morphology of F. sporotrichoides hyphae with the loss of cytoplasm content and contorted the mycelia. The increasing concentration of MPE showed increase in membrane permeability of F. sporotrichoides as evidenced by the release of extracellular constituents and pH with the disruption of cell membrane indicating decrease in lipid content of F. sporotrichoides.Conclusion:The observed results showed that MPE exhibited promising new antifungal agent against Fusarium sporotrichioides.SUMMARY F. sporotrichioides, filamentous fungi contaminate to corn and corn--based productsF. sporotrichioides mainly responsible for the production of T-2 toxinPhytochemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry analysisMentha piperita essential oil (MPE) is commonly known as peppermintThe F. sporotrichioides growth was inhibited by MPE (minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration)Morphological observation by scanning electron microscope. Abbreviations Used: Cfu: Colony forming unit; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, °C: Degree celsius; F. Sporotrichoides: Fusarium sporotrichioides; EOs: Essential oils; M: Molar, g: Gram/gravity, mg: Milligram; μg: Microgram, ml: Milliliter; mm: Millimeter, min: Minutes; M. piperita: Mentha piperita, MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentration; MAE: Mentha arvensis essential oil; Na2SO4: Sodium sulfate; pH: Potential Hydrogen; PDB: Potato Dextrose Broth; SEM: Scanning electron microscope

A review of the methods used to determine the target site or the mechanism of action of essential oils and their components against fungi

“…Hammer et al [33] reported significant incremental increases (p < 0.05) in the absorbance of the supernatants of the C. albicans and C. glabrata treated with tea tree EO (0.25% to 1.0%) after the 6 h. Furthermore, an increase in the absorbance was observed from the supernatant of D. hansenii at 128 and 256 μg/mL of carvacrol or thymol after 6 h [19]. Similar results have been reported for eugenol (50 to 200 μg/mL) against B. cinerea [20]; eugenol (32 μg/mL), or geraniol (32 and 64 μg/mL), against T. rubrum [13,14]; cinnamon EO (0.05 or 0.1 μL/mL) against R. nigricans [36]; M. piperita EO (500 or 1000 μL/mL) against F. sporotrichioides [34]; cinnamaldehyde (128 μg/mL) and eugenol (256 μg/mL) against C. glabrata [39]; and trans-cinnamaldehyde (0.313 µg/mL) against Penicillium italicum [22]. Rajkowska et al [40] conducted this test and expressed the results for DNA concentration (μg/mL) using the formula:…”

“…Permeability of the cell membrane can be expressed in terms of electrical conductivity and extracellular pH values. Rachitha et al [34] measured the extracellular pH of Fusarium sporotrichioides following Mentha piperita EO treatment. The fungal cell suspension (10 5 spores/mL) was added to 20 mL of the liquid medium and then incubated at 28 °C for 20 min.…”

“…The pH of the suspensions of mold treated with the EO (500 or 1000 μg/mL) was significantly lower than the suspensions without EO; the ΔpH ranged from 0.95 to 1.2 at different contact times (30-to 90 min). The pH drops were related to the H + losses and the plasma membrane integrity [34]. The electric conductivity for the supernatant of the cell culture was determined to explain the changes in membrane permeabilization and the release of cellular material, such as the leakage of ions.…”

“…This might lead to the thickening of cell membranes. Rachitha et al [34] found that the lipid content of F. sporotrichioides decreased (25 to 50%) following treatment with M. piperita EO (500 or 1000 μL/mL), which was related to a decrease in membrane stability.…”

A comparative study of the antifungal activity of essential oils of Varronia curassavica Jacq. obtained by different distillation methods

“…Moreover, fungicide-resistant fungal races have emerged due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic fungicides (VERWEIJ et al, 2009;ARENDRUP et al, 2010;TATEISHI et al, 2014). Therefore, several plant species have been studied, and the essential oil of many of them have presented antifungal activity, such as Corymbia citriodora, Cymbopogon nardus (AGUIAR et al, 2014), Myrcia ovata (SAMPAIO et al, 2016), Myrcia lundiana (ALVES et al, 2016;ALVES et al, 2018), Lippia alba (PEIXOTO et al, 2018), Curcuma longa (HU et al, 2017), and Mentha piperita (RACHITHA et al, 2017). These metabolites are considered as a safer alternative for the control of these pathogens since they are biodegradable and have low toxicity and low risk of developing resistance in microorganisms (RUSSO et al, 2013).…”