Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone: Discovery, Regulation, and Actions

Abstract

The sections in this article are: Historical Aspects Biological Evidence for a Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor Purification Anatomical Localization Central Nervous System Extracranial Atypical Molecular Biology and Chemistry of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Gene Expression Peptide Processing Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Actions Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Signal‐Transduction Pathways Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Synthesis and Activity Additional Actions Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Synthesis and Secretion Hypothalamic Negative‐Feedback Effects of Growth Hormone Glucocorticoids Gonadal Steroids Neurotransmitters Signal‐Transduction Pathways which Lead to Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Release Ontogenesis and Senescence of the Hormone‐Receptor System Metabolic Changes Future Directions

Involvement of sensory nerves in the protective effect of growth hormone on acute pancreatitis

“…The aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of exogenous GH to the rats on the course of acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis (AP) and (2) to assess the involvement of sensory nerves and IGF-1 in the effect of GH on acute pancreatic inflammation.…”

“…Growth hormone (GH, somatotrophin), produced in the anterior pituitary stimulates cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in many tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas [1][2][3][4]. GH secretion is stimulated by ghrelin, the natural ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) [5][6][7].…”

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Somatostatin (SST), but not Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) nor Ghrelin (GHRL), Regulate Expression and Release of Immune Growth Hormone (GH) from Chicken Bursal B-Lymphocyte Cultures

“…It has been described that GHRH is the main stimulatory regulator of pituitary GH expression and secretion [47], and it has also been reported to stimulate GH expression in chicken testis [48] and in quail immortalized neuroretinal (QNR/D) cells [49]. The expression of GHRH-R was previously reported in thymocytes and splenocytes of rats [50,51], fish [52], and in human T-lymphocytes [53].…”

Fusion Pores in Growth‐Hormone‐Secreting Cells of the Pituitary Gland: An AFM Study

“…A novel hypothalamic RF amide peptide localized in the hypothalamus of the bullfrog has GH-releasing activity and was designated frog GHreleasing peptide [fGRP (Koda et al, 2002)]. Frohman and Kineman, 1999). It is well established that the signal transduction for GHRH, and probably PACAP, involves the following:…”