Growth hormone in the eye: A comparative update

Harvey, S.; Martínez-Moreno, Carlos G.; Ávila-Mendoza, José; Luna, Maricela; Arámburo, Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.01.013

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It has been hypothesised, although never proven conclusively, that these cones become apoptotic . Growth hormone exerts a neuroprotective role in the retina of chick and human by promoting ganglion cell differentiation and survival, and this anti‐apoptotic effect is thought to be mediated via the insulin‐like growth factor 1 . In the transgenics studied, insulin‐like growth factor 1 in the eye does not vary with respect to non‐transgenics and this could potentially explain the similarity in corner cone loss between fish groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…16 Growth hormone exerts a neuroprotective role in the retina of chick and human by promoting ganglion cell differentiation and survival, and this anti-apoptotic effect is thought to be mediated via the insulin-like growth factor 1. 41,42,44 In the transgenics studied, insulin-like growth factor 1 in the eye does not vary with respect to non-transgenics 51 and this could potentially explain the similarity in corner cone loss between fish groups. It is possible that a gradient in T 3 or its receptors, as reported for the mouse retina, 20,21 may be responsible for the spatio-temporal pattern of corner cone loss in salmonid fishes.…”

Section: Growth Hormone Action Was Independent Of Plasma T 3 Levelsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In particular, growth hormone, whose metabolic actions often coincide with those of thyroid hormone and can be regulated by the latter (T 3 ), has received little attention except as a neuroprotective agent in the retina . Growth hormone and its receptor co‐localise to the retinal photoreceptors of baboon and chick, and growth hormone receptor is expressed in the photoreceptor layer of the green iguana . Furthermore, growth hormone acts as a transcriptional regulator of gene activity mediated through the Jak/Stat pathway, and a recent study has shown that knockout of the protein inhibitor of activated Stat 3 (Pias 3) increases SWS1 opsin expression in mouse M cones and reduces the animal's overall sensitivity to middle wavelengths .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41,42 Growth hormone and its receptor co-localise to the retinal photoreceptors of baboon 43 and chick, 44 and growth hormone receptor is expressed in the photoreceptor layer of the green iguana. 44 Furthermore, growth hormone acts as a transcriptional regulator of gene activity mediated through the Jak/ Stat pathway, 45 and a recent study has shown that knockout of the protein inhibitor of activated Stat 3 (Pias 3) increases SWS1 opsin expression in mouse M cones and reduces the animal's overall sensitivity to middle wavelengths. 46 Growth hormone can also regulate gene transcription by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and members of the jun/fos protein families, 45 and c-jun binds the SWS1 promoter of rainbow trout.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Growth hormone regulates opsin expression in the retina of a salmonid fish

Flamarique

Ahmed

Cheng

et al. 2019

J Neuroendocrinology

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Colour vision relies on retinal photoreceptors that express a different predominant visual pigment protein (opsin). In several vertebrates, the primary opsin expressed by a photoreceptor can change throughout ontogeny, although the molecular factors that influence such regulation are poorly understood. One of these factors is thyroid hormone which, together with its receptors, modulates opsin expression in the retinas of multiple vertebrates including rodents and salmonid fishes. In the latter, thyroid hormone induces a switch in opsin expression from SWS1 (ultraviolet light sensitive) to SWS2 (short wavelength or blue light sensitive) in the single cone photoreceptors of the retina. The actions of other hormones on opsin expression have not been investigated. In the present study, we used a transgenic strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) with enhanced levels of circulating growth hormone compared to that of wild siblings to assess the effects of this hormone on the SWS1 to SWS2 opsin switch. Transgenic fish showed a developmentally accelerated opsin switch compared to size‐matched controls as assessed by immunohistological and in situ hybridisation labelling of photoreceptors and by quantification of transcripts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This accelerated switch led to a different spectral sensitivity maximum, under a middle to long wavelength adapting background, from ultraviolet (λmax ~ 380 nm) in controls to short wavelengths (λmax ~ 430 nm) in transgenics, demonstrating altered colour vision. The effects of growth hormone over‐expression were independent of circulating levels of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine), the hormone typically associated with opsin switches in vertebrates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Growth Hormone Action Was Independent Of Plasma T 3 Levelsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth hormone regulates opsin expression in the retina of a salmonid fish

Flamarique

Ahmed

Cheng

et al. 2019

J Neuroendocrinology

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“…However, GH expression has also been found in tissues other than the pituitary. Indeed, the expression of genes or proteins related to GH has been reported in retinal ganglion cells of reptiles, birds, rodents, and primates, including humans [67,68,69], and low levels of GH in the human vitreous have been associated with retinal neurodegeneration [70]. In the retina, GH is expressed together with the GH receptor (GHR), suggesting a local autocrine/paracrine mode of action [71,72].…”

Section: Growth Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease

Cervia

Catalani

Casini

2019

JCM

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In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.

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