Growth, Health, and Gut Microbiota of Female Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Broodstock Fed Different Phospholipid Sources

Abstract

Phospholipids have an important antioxidant effect on animals. The effects of different dietary phospholipid sources on the growth, antioxidant activity, immunity, and gut microbiota of female broodstock of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Four isoproteic and isolipid semi-purified diets containing 4% soybean lecithin (SL), egg yolk lecithin (EL), or krill oil (KO) and a control diet without phospholipid supplementation were fed to female broodstock of L. vannamei (34.7 ± 4.2 g) for 28 days. The growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and innate immunity of the female broodstock fed phospholipid supplemented diets were improved regardless of sources compared with the control shrimp. The effects on growth and antioxidant capacity in female shrimp fed the KO diet were highest. The innate immunity of female shrimp fed the EL and KO diets were significantly higher than shrimp fed the SL diet. Dietary phospholipid supplementation increased gut microbiota diversity and richness, and the Chao1 and ACE values in the KO group were significantly higher than in the control group. The richness of Proteobacteria, Photobacterium, and Vibrio decreased, whereas the richness of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased in the shrimp fed the KO diet compared with the shrimp fed the SL and EL diets. The interactions of gut microbiota in shrimp fed the KO diet were the most complex, and the positive interaction was the largest among all the treatments. The functional genes of gut microbiota in shrimp fed the KO diet were significantly enriched in lipid metabolism and terpenoid/polyketide metabolism pathways. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Fusibacter had significantly positive correlations with antioxidant activity (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), immune enzyme activity (phenoloxidase and lysozyme), and immune gene expression (C-type lectin 3, Caspase-1). All findings suggest that dietary phospholipids supplementation can improve the growth and health status of female L. vananmei broodstock. Krill oil is more beneficial in improving the antioxidant capacity and innate immunity than other dietary phospholipid sources. Furthermore, krill oil can help establish the intestinal immune barrier by increasing the richness of Fusibacter and promote the growth of female shrimp. Fusibacter may be involved in iron metabolism to improve the antioxidant capacity of female shrimp.

The nutritional and functional properties of 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol-rich oil: promoting early-life growth and intestinal health with alterations in the intestinal microbiota of Micropterus salmoides

“…Previous studies have reported the interaction between dietary lipids, intestinal microbiota, and the growth performance of the host. 66,67 In this study, dietary OPL-rich oil could promote juvenile growth and regulate intestinal microbiota. Pearson's analysis revealed a positive association of juvenile growth with Streptomyces_mutabilis , Aurantimicrobium_minutum , and Nocardiopsis_kunsanensis , as well as a negative association with Staphylococcus_nepalensis , Bacillus_sp013155385 , and Romboutsia_ilealis .…”

“…Overall, our results demonstrated that the correlation between juvenile growth and the intestinal microbiota of the host, and the cor- Previous studies have reported the interaction between dietary lipids, intestinal microbiota, and the growth performance of the host. 66,67 In this study, dietary OPL-rich oil could promote juvenile growth and regulate intestinal microbiota. Pearson's analysis revealed a positive association of juvenile…”

Dietary effect of soybean lecithin on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, blood biomarkers, and antioxidative status of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

“…It is more apparent that SBL enhanced the growth performance of striped catfish. Based on the obtained results, the improved FCR, digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal histological features are the main reasons for the enhanced growth performance of striped catfish [ 51 , 52 ]. The role of phospholipids on the activation of flux rate through the cell membrane enterocytes, thereby facilitating the permeability of digested macromolecules [ 18 , 53 ].…”

Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Organisms

“…Taxonomically, these papers cover freshwater fish ( Carassius auratus [ 4 ], Monopterus albus [ 5 ], Ictalurus punctatus [ 6 ], Megalobrama amblycephala [ 7 ], Micropterus salmoides [ 8 ], Lateolabrax maculatus [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], Carassius gibelio [ 13 , 14 ], Aplodinotus grunniens [ 15 ], Pangasianodon hypophthalmus [ 16 ], Danio rerio [ 17 ], and hybrid grouper [ 18 ]), marine fish ( Scophthalus maximus [ 19 ]), crustaceans ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], Litopenaeus vannamei [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], Penaeus monodon [ 26 ], Scylla paramamosain [ 27 ], and Eriocheir sinensis [ 28 ]), and molluscs ( Crassostrea hongkongensis [ 29 ], Trachinotus ovatus [ 30 ], and Pacific abalone [ 31 ]). Meanwhile, these papers reveal several endogenous and exogenous factors that induce oxidative stress, such as environmental factors (water hardness [ 4 ], chronic hyperthermia [ 6 ], acute hypoxic stress [ 10 ], acute ammonia nitrogen [ 12 ], hypothermia [ 15 ], low salinity [ 23 ], and ammonia-N-stress [ 26 ]), nutritional factors (high carbohydrate levels [ 5 ], oxidized lipids [ 7 ], high-fat diet [ 12 , 20 ], and lipopolysaccharide [ 29 ...…”

“…Meanwhile, these papers reveal several endogenous and exogenous factors that induce oxidative stress, such as environmental factors (water hardness [ 4 ], chronic hyperthermia [ 6 ], acute hypoxic stress [ 10 ], acute ammonia nitrogen [ 12 ], hypothermia [ 15 ], low salinity [ 23 ], and ammonia-N-stress [ 26 ]), nutritional factors (high carbohydrate levels [ 5 ], oxidized lipids [ 7 ], high-fat diet [ 12 , 20 ], and lipopolysaccharide [ 29 , 31 ]), essential or heavy metals (Zn [ 4 ], cadmium [ 13 , 27 ], Cu 2+ [ 28 ], and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid sodium salt [ 31 ]), pathogenic bacteria or virus (aflatoxin B1 and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 [ 14 ], water bubble disease (WBD) [ 21 ], Vibrio harveyi [ 29 , 31 ], and Streptococcus agalactiae [ 30 ]), and feeding practices (stocking density [ 8 ], transport stress [ 11 ]). Therapeutically, some papers have also explored some medicines or immunostimulants to resist oxidative stress, such as herbal medicine (mulberry leaf flavonoids [ 5 ], emodin [ 7 ], berberine [ 17 ], Sophora flavescens root extract [ 19 ], and tea tree oil [ 22 ]), nutritional stimulants ( Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide [ 9 ], taurine alleviates [ 13 ], histamine [ 16 , 18 ], vitamin E [ 20 ], β-Glucan [ 23 ], krill oil [ 24 ], and zinc [ 25 ]), antibiotics (florfenicol and ofloxacin [ 21 ]), and feeding admin...…”