Growth Curve and Energy Intake in Male and Female Cats

Merenda, Mônica Estela Zambon; Sato, Joyce; Scheibel, Suellen; Uemoto, Aline Terumi; Rossoni, Diogo Francisco; Santos, Mateus Pereira dos; Pereira, Layne Carolina; Ribeiro, Leonir Bueno; Vasconcellos, Ricardo Souza

doi:10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100518

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, since both groups were consuming amino acids and protein above the NRC [ 19 ] requirements for growth, it is likely that both groups consumed sufficient amounts for maximal growth. Overall, growth of the kittens in the present study was as expected and BW trends were in line with, or above, published kitten growth charts [ 38 , 50 ], and were within or above the ranges in the cross-sectional study by Lauten et al [ 51 ] for kittens between 6 to 10 months of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dietary choline in gonadectomized kittens improved food intake and body composition but not satiety, serum lipids, or energy expenditure

et al. 2022

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Gonadectomy is a major risk factor for feline obesity. The lipotropic effects of choline have demonstrated benefits for growth and carcass composition in livestock. The consumption of supplemental choline on body weight (BW), body composition, lipid metabolism, energy expenditure (EE), and serum satiety hormones were evaluated in 15 gonadectomized male kittens. Kittens were offered a base diet formulated for growth (3310mg choline/kg dry matter [DM]) to daily energy requirements (DER) over an 11-week acclimation. Post-gonadectomy, kittens were assigned to a base diet (CONTROL, n = 7) or choline group (base diet with additional choline at 300mg/kg BW0.75 as a top dress) (CHOLINE, n = 8). For 12-weeks post-neuter, kittens were offered three times their DER over three meals to mimic ad libitum feeding. At week -1 and 12, body composition was assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 24-hour indirect calorimetry was performed for EE and respiratory quotients (RQ), and fasted serum samples were analyzed for lipid compounds and satiety hormones. Daily food intake (FI) and weekly BW were measured. Data was analyzed as a repeated measures of variance (ANCOVA) using the GLIMMIX procedure with time and group as fixed effects. CHOLINE had lower mean daily FI and lower rates of BW accretion (P<0.05) in contrast to CONTROL. All absolute body composition data increased over time for both groups, with lower increases in total tissue mass (P = 0.031) and fat mass (P = 0.005) in CHOLINE. Serum satiety hormones and lipid compounds did not differ (P>0.05) between groups, but both groups experienced a decrease in low-density lipoproteins and increase in high-density lipoproteins (P<0.05). Primary substrate utilization showed lipid use when fasted and use of protein or mixed macronutrients in the fed state. Fed state EE decreased post-gonadectomy (P = 0.004), however, CHOLINE did not affect total EE or RQ. These results suggest that supplemental dietary choline reduces FI, BW, and fat mass and may help to reduce the propensity of weight gain and subsequent obesity in gonadectomized feline populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dietary choline in gonadectomized kittens improved food intake and body composition but not satiety, serum lipids, or energy expenditure

et al. 2022

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“…Higher serum amino acid concentrations over the course of the experimental period in both groups would be expected due to growth and lean soft tissue mass development (59) . While growth in female kittens appears to slow by 10 months of age, male kittens appear to have steady growth of lean and fat mass as well as bone mineral content and density until 1 to 2 years of age, reaching adult body weight by approximately 16 months of age and therefore, protein deposition and turnover may be greater in contrast to their female counterparts (60)(61)(62) . Circulating concentrations of alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamate, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine in neonatal pigs are indicative of muscle protein synthesis and lean tissue mass maintenance (44,47) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating direct infusion MS and NMR metabolomic profiles of post-gonadectomy kittens with or without additional dietary choline supplementation

et al. 2022

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Choline is beneficial for energy metabolism and growth in various species. Choline may work similarly in kittens at risk of obesity. Direct infusion mass spectrometry (Di-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the metabolomic signatures of kittens supplemented with or without additional dietary choline for 12-weeks. Fifteen intact male kittens consumed a base-diet (3310 mg choline/kg DM) to their daily metabolizable energy requirement (DER) over an 11-week acclimation. Kittens were gonadectomized and assigned, based on body weight, to the base-diet (CONTROL, n=7) or the base-diet with 300mg/kgBW0.75 additional choline as choline chloride (CHOLINE, n=8) and offered three times their individual energy requirement divided into three meals. At weeks -1 and 12 fasted blood was sampled and serum analyzed for 130 metabolites via Di-MS and 51 metabolites via NMR spectroscopy. Changes in fasted metabolites were assessed using a repeated measures GLIMMIX procedure with time and group as fixed effects, and time as a repeated measure. Metabolites of one-carbon metabolism and lipids increased, and medium chain acyl carnitines decreased from week -1 to 12 for CHOLINE (P<0.05), but not CONTROL (P>0.05). Increases in amino acid, biogenic amine and organic compound concentrations were observed in both groups (P<0.05). The results suggest impacts of dietary choline at greater intakes than currently recommended on one-carbon metabolism and fatty acid oxidation and these may promote healthy growth in post-gonadectomy kittens.

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“…Overall, males reached their peak weight later in life compared to female cats. The assessment of the statistical breakpoints therefore not only confirms that males take longer to reach their adult size [ 27 , 29 , 35 ], but can also contribute to the explanation of the mechanism(s) that predispose(s) cats within this population to obesity, which is further discussed below.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A possible explanation is that most studies on this subject in cats include different factors known to influence obesity like neutering (often mainly the males), diet (no uniform feeding) and restrictive feeding, which can all affect intake and/ or energy expenditure, impairing interpretation of the results [ 9 , 17 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. As has been advocated in human research [ 15 ], studies that exclude possible confounding factors are warranted to distinguish genetic from epigenetic (so-called “thrifty phenotype”) effects on the predisposition towards obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Curves and Body Condition of Young Cats and Their Relation to Maternal Body Condition

Opsomer

Liesegang

Brügger

et al. 2022

Animals

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The aim of the present study was to assess factors like litter, individual and maternal effects on kitten overweight at 8 months of age, defined as body condition score (BCS) ≥ 6, in an intact cat family. To minimize confounding, a homogenized cat population was used. After categorization of the life weight data according to the kittens’ sex, BCS and maternal non-pregnant phenotype (overweight (OM), lean (LM), variable (VM)), analyses including Pearson’s correlation coefficients, two-way ANOVA, linear, linear broken-line regression and repeated measures mixed model analyses were performed. Overweight and OM kittens gained weight most quickly, and females reached their peak weight earlier than males (6.2 ± 0.6 vs. 7.4 ± 0.2 months). In females but not in males the age to reach peak weight differed markedly according to category. Male (5.82 ± 0.09, p < 0.01) and OM kittens’ (5.80 ± 0.11, p = 0.07) BCS at 8 months was higher and they were heavier than their counterparts, from 3 and 5 months onwards, respectively. Litter size negatively correlated with overweight (r = −0.30, p < 0.01) and birthweight showed a positive correlation to live weight (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.05) and monthly weight gain (R2 = 0.18, p < 0.01) over time. This study supports routine monitoring of birthweight, growth rate and maternal phenotype prior to pregnancy to identify kittens at risk for becoming overweight.

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Growth Curve and Energy Intake in Male and Female Cats

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Dietary choline in gonadectomized kittens improved food intake and body composition but not satiety, serum lipids, or energy expenditure

Dietary choline in gonadectomized kittens improved food intake and body composition but not satiety, serum lipids, or energy expenditure

Circulating direct infusion MS and NMR metabolomic profiles of post-gonadectomy kittens with or without additional dietary choline supplementation

Growth Curves and Body Condition of Young Cats and Their Relation to Maternal Body Condition

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