Growth characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis infundibulus (Dinophyceae)

Nishitani, Goh; Nagai, Satoshi; Takano, Yoshihito; Sakiyama, Sanae; Baba, Katsuhisa; Kamiyama, Takashi

doi:10.3354/ame01233

Cited by 58 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…plastid gene sequences (i.e. the 16S rRNA block, tufA, rbcL, psbA and psaA) to those from free-living cryptophytes and from the ciliate Myrionecta rubra support the kleptoplastid theory as they have shown that the plastids are genetically identical to each other (Takishita et al 2002, Janson & Granéli 2003, Hackett et al 2004, Janson 2004, Takahashi et al 2005, Minnhagen & Janson 2006, Nagai et al 2008, Nishitani et al 2008b, Garcia-Cuetos et al 2010. However, as some authors have pointed out, plastid genes are conservative so it might not be entirely safe to draw the conclusion that plastids are transferred directly from M. rubra to Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…M. rubra in turn has plastids originating from free-living cryptophytes (Gustafson et al 2000, Yih et al 2004, Johnson & Stoecker 2005, Hansen & Fenchel 2006. It is likely that M. rubra can take up and store plastids from some similar cryptophyte species belonging to the Teleaulax/Geminigera/Plagioselmis complex (Park et al 2007, Nishitani et al 2008b, which is not completely resolved. Some heterogenic cryptophyte plastid DNA, presumably transferred to the dinoflagellate via the ciliate, has also been found inside single cells of Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active uptake of kleptoplastids by Dinophysis caudata from its ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra

Minnhagen¹,

Kim²,

Salomon³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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We verified an active uptake of kleptoplastids in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis from its preferred prey, the ciliate Myrionecta rubra, using a quantitative real-time PCR technique. During a 65 d starvation/feeding experiment with Dinophysis caudata, changes in plastid 16S rRNA, plastid autofluorescence and plastid/nuclear DNA ratio through the cell cycle were followed with quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. During starvation, the cultures initially showed a rapid growth and a 3.5-fold increase of number of cells ml -1 , while at the same time, plastid DNA cell -1 showed a 3.5-fold decrease, and a 3.6-fold decrease in phycoerythrin fluorescence cell -1 . The decrease in plastid DNA cell -1 d -1 closely followed culture growth rate (Pearson correlation, r = 0.91), indicating that existing plastids were diluted within the growing population and that no new plastids were synthesised by the cells. When starved cells were re-fed by the ciliate M. rubra on Days 43 to 51 of the experiment, plastid DNA cell -1 increased 7-fold up to 14 000 16S DNA copies per cell, thereby directly revealing the kleptoplastic behaviour. The implication is that not only availability of the prey M. rubra itself, but also the supply of suitable kleptoplastids might be an important controlling factor for Dinophysis spp. bloom formation and decline.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active uptake of kleptoplastids by Dinophysis caudata from its ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra

Minnhagen¹,

Kim²,

Salomon³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…had consistently failed, no matter which cryptophyte species was offered as prey, until the ciliate M. rubra (see above) was provided as prey (Park et al 2006). This method turned out to be useful for further Dinophysis species Nishitani et al 2008;Park et al 2008). Apparently, Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: (D) Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosymbiotic associations within protists

Nowack

Melkonian

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

208

168

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The establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship typically seems to be driven through complementation of the host's limited metabolic capabilities by the biochemical versatility of the endosymbiont. The most significant examples of endosymbiosis are represented by the endosymbiotic acquisition of plastids and mitochondria, introducing photosynthesis and respiration to eukaryotes. However, there are numerous other endosymbioses that evolved more recently and repeatedly across the tree of life. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have led to a better understanding of the physiological basis of many endosymbiotic associations. This review focuses on endosymbionts in protists (unicellular eukaryotes). Selected examples illustrate the incorporation of various new biochemical functions, such as photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and recycling, and methanogenesis, into protist hosts by prokaryotic endosymbionts. Furthermore, photosynthetic eukaryotic endosymbionts display a great diversity of modes of integration into different protist hosts.In conclusion, endosymbiosis seems to represent a general evolutionary strategy of protists to acquire novel biochemical functions and is thus an important source of genetic innovation.

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“…Field populations of Dinophysis spp. are recognized as being mixotrophic (Jacobson and Andersen 1994), and have been widely suspected of kleptoplasty (Hackett et al 2003;Janson 2004;Minnhagen and Janson 2006 infundibulus were established and shown to sequester their plastids from the phototropic ciliate Myrionecta rubra, which in turn requires free-living cryptophyte prey for its own survival Nagai et al 2008;Nishitani et al 2008;Park et al 2008). Studies thus far have shown that Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: Organelle-retaining Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies thus far have shown that Dinophysis spp. have a remarkable capacity to survive prolonged periods without M. rubra prey Nishitani et al 2008), but reach maximum growth rates under high M. rubra and high light scenarios Riisgaard and Hansen 2009). When D. infundibulus cultures are fed M. rubra prey and then starved, cells grow exponentially for about 2 weeks, after which time they slowly decline in number, with about 50% of the population dying after about 30 days (Nishitani et al 2008).…”

Section: Organelle-retaining Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most algal endosymbiotic interactions, while organelle retention is a form of predation, characterized by nutrient flow (i.e. growth) in one direction. AcPh involves adaptations to recognize specific prey or endosymbionts and to house organelles or endosymbionts within the endomembrane system but free from digestion. In many cases, hosts depend upon AcPh for the production of essential nutrients, many of which remain obscure. The practice of AcPh has led to multiple independent secondary and tertiary plastid acquisition events among several eukaryote lineages, giving rise to the diverse array of algae found in modern aquatic ecosystems.This review highlights those AcPhs that are model research organisms for both metazoans and protists.Much of the basic biology of AcPhs remains enigmatic, particularly 1) which essential nutrients or factors make certain forms of AcPh obligatory, 2) how hosts regulate and manipulate endosymbionts or sequestered organelles, and 3) what genomic imprint, if any, AcPh leaves on non-photosynthetic host species.2

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Growth characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis infundibulus (Dinophyceae)

Cited by 58 publications

References 49 publications

Active uptake of kleptoplastids by Dinophysis caudata from its ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra

Active uptake of kleptoplastids by Dinophysis caudata from its ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra

Endosymbiotic associations within protists

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

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