Growth and properties of TSAG and TSLAG magneto-optical crystals with large size

Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Faraday Effect

“…Much more data about the Verdet constant can be found in the literature (or calculated from presented data) [ 43 , 125 , 159 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 ], but the value is usually given for a single wavelength and other figures of merit are often missing. Differences in reported data are understandable because of the high sensitivity of the parameters-to-dopants concentration.…”

Tb3Al3Ga2O12: A Novel Visible–Infrared Faraday Crystal Exhibiting a Superior Magneto-Optical Performance

“…However, the decomposition and volatilization of Ga 2 O 3 in the process of crystal growth generally result in a heavy composition segregation from the congruent melting, further bringing about a continued shift of the melting temperature and the composition of the crystal. 6,14 Moreover, the comparatively low Verdet constant (40 rad/m/T@1064 nm 15 ) means that it requires a large crystal size and strong magnetic field intensity to provide the required rotation of FIs for laser systems, which obviously increases heat and some negetive thermal effects such as the thermal lensing effect and photoelastic effect. 16,17 The thermal lensing effect easily leads to distortions of the radiation wave front, further leading to the instability in laser systems.…”

“…23,24 TSAG not only overcomes the growth difficulties of TAG but also preserves the excellent performance; the Verdet constant of TSAG is 1.25 times that of TGG. 14,25 Unfortunately, the growth of a homogeneous TSAG crystal is constrained by the nonuniform cation segregation. 6 For this reason, Lu-modified TSAG, namely, TSLAG, was also proposed.…”

“…Among them, the Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 (TGG) crystal has been market-dominating for FIs because of its excellent properties and favorable growth characteristics. − A commercial large-size TGG crystal can be obtained through the Czochralski (Cz) method because of its congruent melting nature. However, the decomposition and volatilization of Ga 2 O 3 in the process of crystal growth generally result in a heavy composition segregation from the congruent melting, further bringing about a continued shift of the melting temperature and the composition of the crystal. , Moreover, the comparatively low Verdet constant (40 rad/m/T@1064 nm) means that it requires a large crystal size and strong magnetic field intensity to provide the required rotation of FIs for laser systems, which obviously increases heat and some negetive thermal effects such as the thermal lensing effect and photoelastic effect. , The thermal lensing effect easily leads to distortions of the radiation wave front, further leading to the instability in laser systems . In addition, the magnitude of the isolation ratio in laser systems is negatively affected by the level of the photoelastic effect .…”

“…However, until now, only small-size TAG single crystals have been harvested through the edge-defined film-fed technique and hybrid laser floating zone method; an industrially practicable TAG crystal cannot be obtained due to its incongruent melting nature . With the purpose of making TAG melt congruently, the octahedral Al 3+ ions are replaced by Sc 3+ ions to stabilize the garnet phase, obtaining a Tb 3 Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 (TSAG) compound. , TSAG not only overcomes the growth difficulties of TAG but also preserves the excellent performance; the Verdet constant of TSAG is 1.25 times that of TGG. , Unfortunately, the growth of a homogeneous TSAG crystal is constrained by the nonuniform cation segregation . For this reason, Lu-modified TSAG, namely, TSLAG, was also proposed. , Nevertheless, both TSAG and TSLAG are difficult to grow in the form of large-size crack-free single crystals, and the component Sc elements are rather expensive.…”