Growth and productivity of the psychrophilic marine diatoms Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Nitzschia frigida Grunow in batch cultures at temperatures below the freezing point of sea water

Aletsee, L.; Jahnke, J.

doi:10.1007/bf00237960

Cited by 53 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Mean instantaneous growth rates (μ ± SD; n = 3), as a function of medium salinity and temperature Ecol Prog Ser 354: 107-117, 2008 0.14 d -1 (± 0.020). This agrees with findings reported by Aletsee & Jahnke (1992) that Thalassiosira antarctica cultured in 73 ‰ medium would not grow at 6°C, but grew at -4 and -6°C. The combined effect of temperature and salinity on growth rate has implications for understanding the physiological adaptations required for psychrophily in sea ice.…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

“…Aletsee & Jahnke (1992) reported growth of the marine diatoms Nitzschia frigida Grunow and Thalassiosira antarctica Comber at temperatures as low as -8 and -6°C and at salinities of 145 and 109 ‰, respectively. In general, sea-ice diatoms are often euryhaline and thrive in conditions from 10 to 60 ‰ (Grant & Horner 1976).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

Eddie

Krembs

Neuer

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Sea ice provides a habitat for a diverse community of microorganisms, which comprise a substantial portion of primary production in ice-covered seas. Organisms immured in sea ice have to withstand strong changes in temperature and salinity. We report on the growth rate response to salinity and temperature of the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas sp. ARC, isolated from land-fast sea ice in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska. We found it to be a euryhaline psychrophile capable of growth at temperatures as low as -5°C and at salinities from 2.5 to 100 ‰. The maximum growth rate of 0.41 d -1 (± 0.027) was found at 5°C and a salinity of 30 ‰. The salinity growth range of this organism indicates that it is well adapted to the variable salinity environment associated with brine channels in sea ice, as well as the hypotonic conditions associated with melting ice. Based upon morphology and molecular phylogenetic reconstructions using the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene and the ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene, this Arctic Chlamydomonas falls into a distinct clade containing other as yet unassigned psychrophilic Chlamydomonas strains isolated from Arctic and Antarctic environments, pointing to a bi-polar distribution of this clade. It is also very closely related to the brackish water mesophile Chlamydomonas kuwadae Gerloff, and is capable of growth above the psychrophilic range in low-salinity medium, indicating that it may represent an intermediate between mesophilic and psychrophilic lifestyles.KEY WORDS: Chlamydomonas · Chlorophyta · Arctic sea ice · Chukchi Sea · Psychrophile · Euryhaline · Phylogeny 354: 107-117, 2008 temperatures, ice algae growing in the brine channels need to be tolerant of widely varying salinities. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog SerIn physiological studies testing the adaptation of Antarctic ice algae to low temperature and high salinity, Bartsch (1989) found that cell division was observed at temperatures as cold as -5.5°C and a salinity of 90 ‰. Aletsee & Jahnke (1992) reported growth of the marine diatoms Nitzschia frigida Grunow and Thalassiosira antarctica Comber at temperatures as low as -8 and -6°C and at salinities of 145 and 109 ‰, respectively. In general, sea-ice diatoms are often euryhaline and thrive in conditions from 10 to 60 ‰ (Grant & Horner 1976).Diatoms have been the focus of most studies on seaice algae, because they are considered the most abundant phototrophs in sea ice (Horner 1985, Lizotte 2003. Green algae are usually a relatively minor component, but the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas spp. has been found repeatedly in Arctic sea ice (see 'Discussion'). Chlamydomonas species may play a disproportionably large role in the initial colonization of sea ice. Weissenberger (1998) found Chlamydomonas sp. to dominate newly formed ice for the first 3 mo in a tank experiment inoculated with an enrichment culture from sea-ice brine. Despite their ubiquity in Arctic sea ice, most ...

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supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

Eddie

Krembs

Neuer

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Consistent with these observations, we found that cellular protein, carbon and energy content, as well as productivity rates were lowest at the highest salinities (similar to those found in sea ice) irrespective of temperature treatments (Figures 3 and 4). Hypersaline conditions have been reported to strongly influence both photosynthetic efficiency (Ryan et al, 2004;Ralph et al, 2007) and growth rates (Aletsee and Jahnke, 1992). In contrast, temperature seemed to have less of an effect on the phenotypic response of C. simplex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In contrast, temperature seemed to have less of an effect on the phenotypic response of C. simplex. Aletsee and Jahnke (1992) found that phytoplankton exhibited a greater tolerance to changes in temperature compared with salinity, observing no change in cellular Table 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Snapshot prediction of carbon productivity, carbon and protein content in a Southern Ocean diatom using FTIR spectroscopy

et al. 2015

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Diatoms, an important group of phytoplankton, bloom annually in the Southern Ocean, covering thousands of square kilometers and dominating the region's phytoplankton communities. In their role as the major food source to marine grazers, diatoms supply carbon, nutrients and energy to the Southern Ocean food web. Prevailing environmental conditions influence diatom phenotypic traits (for example, photophysiology, macromolecular composition and morphology), which in turn affect the transfer of energy, carbon and nutrients to grazers and higher trophic levels, as well as oceanic biogeochemical cycles. The paucity of phenotypic data on Southern Ocean phytoplankton limits our understanding of the ecosystem and how it may respond to future environmental change. Here we used a novel approach to create a 'snapshot' of cell phenotype. Using mass spectrometry, we measured nitrogen (a proxy for protein), total carbon and carbon-13 enrichment (carbon productivity), then used this data to build spectroscopy-based predictive models. The models were used to provide phenotypic data for samples from a third sample set. Importantly, this approach enabled the first ever rate determination of carbon productivity from a single time point, circumventing the need for timeseries measurements. This study showed that Chaetoceros simplex was less productive and had lower protein and carbon content during short-term periods of high salinity. Applying this new phenomics approach to natural phytoplankton samples could provide valuable insight into understanding phytoplankton productivity and function in the marine system.

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“…Bartsch (1989) and Aletsee & Jahnke (1992) demonstrated that several sea ice diatoms are able to photosynthesize and grow at salinities of up to 145 %o at an equilibrium temperature of -8 "C, even at very low irradiances. Lizotte & Sullivan (1991) provided evidence for in situ activity of sea ice microalgae during austral autumn and winter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological responses of a small Antarctic diatom (Chaetoceros sp.) to simulated environmental constraints associated with sea-ice formation

Gleitz¹,

Thomas²

1992

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The physiological responses of a small unicellular Chaetoceros species, isolated from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, to changes in temperature, salinity and irradiance simulating those that occur during new-ice formation were investigated. The combination of increased salinity, increased quantum irradiance and decreased temperature significantly reduced growth and photosynthetic rates compared to the control, although cellular metabolism was not inhibited. The cells retained the capacity to photoacclimate, which was observed in the variations in cellular chlorophyll a concentrations and carbon allocation patterns. In terms of photosynthesis, a doubling of quantum irradiance apparently compensated for the adverse effects of increased salinity and lowered temperature. It is thus hypothesized that at least some species of the late season phytoplankton population survive incorporation into ice and continue to photosynthesize and grow under the extreme conditions encountered during sea-ice formation. This potentially prolonges the Antarctic vegetation period well into late austral autumn and winter, enhancing the total primary production available for higher trophic levels.

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Growth and productivity of the psychrophilic marine diatoms Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Nitzschia frigida Grunow in batch cultures at temperatures below the freezing point of sea water

Cited by 53 publications

References 29 publications

Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

Characterization and growth response to temperature and salinity of psychrophilic, halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. ARC isolated from Chukchi Sea ice

Snapshot prediction of carbon productivity, carbon and protein content in a Southern Ocean diatom using FTIR spectroscopy

Physiological responses of a small Antarctic diatom (Chaetoceros sp.) to simulated environmental constraints associated with sea-ice formation

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