Growth and Production of Laminaria Longicruris (Phaeophyta) Populations Exposed to Different Intensities of Water Movement1

Gerard, V. A.; Mann, K. H.

doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1979.00033.x

Cited by 166 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Gerard (1982) attached gypsum buttons that had been carefully calibrated in a linear flume to Macrocystis pyrifera blades in a high wave and dense kelp bed environment to determine nutrient uptake by a dense stand of giant kelp, i.e., a masstransfer problem. She estimated steady flow speeds of equal to or less than 4 cm s Ϫ1 from dissolution of the buttons, but noted that the steady flow speeds had appeared only on the order of 1 cm s Ϫ1 (Gerard 1982). Komatsu and Murakami (1994) measured flow speeds of 1.6 cm s Ϫ1 with a current meter in a macrophyte forest, whereas flow-speed estimates using gypsum-dissolution techniques at the same location were much higher with 5.7 cm s Ϫ1 , but they attributed the discrepancy to salinity effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Thompson & Glenn (1994) 42 , West (1997) 43 , Yamahira Water motion (DF) 5,9,11,16,42; (DF-fs) 5,14,19,20,23; (fs-f) 19,30,44; (fs-r) 15, 42; (m) 16,26,28,42,43 5, 19, 26; (ms) 9, 11, 14, 19, 23, 28; (se) 14, 15, 28; (ss) 9, 16, 19, 23, 30, 42; (w) 5, 19, 42 (ad) 16, 19, 23, 26, 30, 42; (bf) Gerard (1982) used gypsum buttons calibrated in a flume to calculate flows in a dense macrophyte forest. She estimated flow speeds of about 4 cm s Ϫ1 with this technique, even though the in situ flow speeds had appeared much lower to her, on the order of 1 cm s Ϫ1 .…”

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Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Porter

Sanford

Suttles

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

105

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The dissolution of gypsum or plaster of Paris has been widely used as an inexpensive integral measure of 'water motion' in the field and in laboratory tanks for studies of physical-biological interactions. Commonly, gypsumdissolution rates have been calibrated to steady flow speed or velocity in the laboratory and the calibrations have been applied to dissolution (i.e., mass-transfer) rates in the field or in tanks. We evaluated the gypsum-dissolution technique in a steady-flow, a fluctuating-flow, and a mixed-flow environment by comparing dissolution rate to direct flow measurements with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. We found that dissolution rates were related to steady flow and to fluctuation intensity in the exclusively steady-flow and fluctuating-flow environments, respectively. The relationships were weak in the mixed-flow environment. Finally, dissolution and thus mass-transfer relationships were different in each flow environment, and the effects of steady flow and fluctuation intensity were not additive. Providing that it is rigorously checked and appropriately calibrated, the dissolution technique can be used to measure steady flow speed or fluctuation intensity in a steady-flow or fluctuating-flow environment, respectively. However, comparisons of dissolution rates between steady-flow, fluctuating-flow, and mixed-flow environments or within environments that change over time to determine water motion will be misleading. The gypsum-dissolution technique can be used as a good direct indicator of mass-transfer rates. However, mass-transfer rates are different in different flow environments. The gypsum-dissolution technique is not a universal integrator of 'water motion. ' The dissolution of gypsum or gypsum-based plaster of Paris from ''plaster balls'' or ''clod cards'' was first introduced by Muus (1968) and Doty (1971) as an inexpensive technique to measure water flow in the absence of expensive field instrumentation for direct measurements of water velocity. Effects of temperature, salinity, and water volume on dissolution rates were subsequently investigated by Jokiel and Morrissey (1993) and Thompson and Glenn (1994). Since its first introduction, the gypsum-dissolution technique has been widely used in many habitats and for many applications, especially for studies of physical-biological interactions (Table 1). The gypsum-dissolution technique has been thought to provide a comparative or absolute measure of water movement that ''incorporates any water motion due to tidal as well as wind-wave effects in the same integrated measure' ' (Wildish and Kristmanson 1997). Furthermore, the dissolution technique has expanded to include materials other than gypsum (e.g., Koehl and Alberte 1988;Bartol et al. 1999). AcknowledgmentsWe thank W. Boicourt for letting us participate in the field ''Tower'' experiment and for providing the temperature and salinity data to calibrate the field-dissolution results. We thank K. Sebens, D. Stoecker, V. Kennedy, M. Palmer, and three anonymous reviewers for ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Porter

Sanford

Suttles

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

105

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“…Delf, 1932;Gerard and Mann, 1979;Koehl, 1986;Armstrong, 1987;Denny et al, 1989;Carrington, 1990;Gaylord et al, 1994;Carrington et al, 2001;Hale, 2001;Milligan and DeWreede, 2004). Collectively, these studies have revealed general patterns in the interactions between algal thalli and their fluid environment, material composition and physical morphology that help macroalgae resist mechanical failure.…”

Section: Lessons From Fleshy Macroalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Size, strength and allometry of joints in the articulated corallineCalliarthron

Martone

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Articulated coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) dominate low-intertidal, wave-exposed habitats around the world, yet the mechanics of this diverse group of organisms has been almost completely unexplored. In contrast to fleshy seaweeds, articulated corallines consist of calcified segments (intergenicula) separated by uncalcified joints (genicula). This jointed construction makes calcified fronds as flexible as fleshy seaweeds,allowing them to `go with the flow' when struck by breaking waves. In addition to functioning as joints, genicula act as breakage points along articulated fronds. Here, I describe the allometric scaling of geniculum size, breaking force and tissue strength along articulated fronds in two species of Calliarthron. Genicular material is much stronger than tissue from fleshy macroalgae. Moreover, as fronds grow, genicula get bigger and their tissue strengthens, two processes that help them resist breakage. Within individual fronds, larger branches, which presumably experience greater drag force, are supported by bigger, stronger genicula. However, frond growth greatly outpaces genicular strengthening. As a result, Calliarthronfronds most likely break at their bases when critically stressed by incoming waves. Shedding fronds probably reduces the drag force that threatens to dislodge coralline crusts and may constitute a reproductive strategy.

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“…In some cases, transplant experiments revealed that the morphological variation was due to phenotypic plasticity (Gerard & Mann, 1979), while other studies indicated the importance of genetic factors (Chapman, 1974;Mathieson et aI., 1981;De Paula & De Oliveira, 1982). Again, such differentiation has often been observed on a microgeographical scale.…”

Section: Morphological Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic differentiation among populations of marine algae

Innes

1984

Helgoländer Meeresunters

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Most of the information for genetic differentiation among populations of marine algae is from studies on ecotypic variation. Physiological ecotypes have been described for individuals showing different responses to temperature and salinity conditions. Morphological ecotypes have also been found associated with areas differing in wave exposure or different intertidal positions. Little is known on how genetic variation is organized within and between populations of marine algae. The occurrence of ecotypic variation in some species is evidence for genetic differentiation among populations resulting from selection by the local environment. The rate of dispersal and subsequent gene flow will also affect the level of differentiation among populations. In species with low dispersal, differentiation can arise through chance founder events or random genetic drift. The few studies available have shown that species of algae exhibit a range of dispersal capabilities. This information can be useful for predicting the potential level of genetic differentiation among populations of these species. Crossing experiments with several species of algae have shown that populations separated by a considerable distance can be inteffertile. In some cases individuals from these populations have been found to be morphologically distinct. Crosses have been used to study the genetic basis of this variation and are evidence for genetic differentiation among the populations sampled. Genetic variation of enzyme proteins detected by electrophoresis provides an additional method for measuring genetic variation within and between populations of marine algae. Etectrophoretic methods have previously been used to study systematic problems in algae. However, there have been few attempts to use electrophoretic variation to study the genetic structure of populations of marine algae. This approach is outlined and includes some of the potential problems associated with interpreting electrophoretic data. Studies of electrophoretic variation in natural populations of Enteromorpha linza from Long Island Sound are used as an example. This species was found to reproduce only asexually. Despite a dispersing spore stage, genetic differentiation was found on a microgeographic scale and was correlated with differences in the local environment of some of the populations. Similar studies on other species, and especially sexually reproducing species, will add to a growing understanding of the evolutionary genetics of marine algae.

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Growth and Production of Laminaria Longicruris (Phaeophyta) Populations Exposed to Different Intensities of Water Movement1

Cited by 166 publications

References 28 publications

Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Gypsum dissolution is not a universal integrator of ‘water motion’

Size, strength and allometry of joints in the articulated corallineCalliarthron

Genetic differentiation among populations of marine algae

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