Growth and optical properties of 0.62Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.38PbTiO3 single crystals by a modified Bridgman technique

Flux growth of high-homogeneity PMN–PT single crystals and their property characterization

“…Table 2 compares the dielectric and electromechanical properties of melt-grown PMN-PT single crystals reported by contemporary growers [46][47][48][49] with those of flux-grown crystals obtained in the present work. This table shows that the reported poled properties of melt-grown PMN- (28)(29)(30)%PT single crystals are inferior to those of their flux-grown counterparts. They have a greater resemblance to the overpoled properties of fluxgrown PMN-PT single crystals.…”

“…PMN-PT single crystals of 50 mm or larger in diameter and more than 100 mm in boule length have been successfully grown by several groups [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Despite the success in the crystal size, melt-grown PMN-PT single crystals suffer from low crystal uniformity due to a large segregation coefficient of the PMN-PT system.…”

“…Despite the success in the crystal size, melt-grown PMN-PT single crystals suffer from low crystal uniformity due to a large segregation coefficient of the PMN-PT system. This has led to considerable variations in the resulting properties of melt-grown PMN-PT crystals reported by various groups and to a high cost of the crystals produced [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Zone leveling of lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate crystals using RF heating

“…However, flux growth is not conducive to the growth of large, oriented crystals which are required for commercial devices. Several researchers have grown PMNT single crystals using the Bridgman method which does allow for the growth of large, oriented crystals [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Compositional variations along the growth direction were found to be a major problem in using this method [14,15,[17][18][19], resulting in large portions of the grown boules with non-optimal piezoelectric properties.…”

Directional solidification of ferroelectric crystals at 1 and 7atm

“…Recently, a seeded Bridgman process (i.e., directional solidification, without PbO flux) was used to grow PMNT crystals. This approach yielded 40 mm diameter, 80 mm long crystals [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”