Growth and ingestion rates of heterotrophic dinoflagellates and a ciliate on the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Biecheleria cincta

Abstract

To explore the interactions between the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Biecheleria cincta (previously Woloszynskia cincta) and heterotrophic protists, we investigated whether the common heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Gyrodinium spirale, Oxyrrhis marina, and Polykrikos kofoidii, and the ciliate Strobilidium sp. were able to feed on B. cincta. We also measured growth and ingestion rates of O. marina and Strobilidium sp. on B. cincta as a function of prey concentration. In addition, these rates were measured for other predators at single prey concentrations at which the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina and Strobilidium sp. were saturated. All grazers tested in the present study were able to feed on B.

A hierarchy of conceptual models of red-tide generation: Nutrition, behavior, and biological interactions

“…Heterotrophs which are known to kill red-tide organisms are heterotrophic protists, metazoans, parasites, and heterotrophic bacteria (Jeong, 1999;Turner, 2006;Jeong et al, 2007Jeong et al, , 2014Park et al, 2013c;Jeong, 2011, 2013;Yoo et al, 2013c). There is a comsiderable amount of data on mortality rates of red-tide organisms due to predation by heterotrophic protists and metazooplankton (Table 4), but those by parasites or heterotrophic bacteria are rare.…”

Feeding by the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Aduncodinium glandula: having the most diverse prey species in the family Pfiesteriaceae

“…Heterotrophic dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists in marine environments and major components in marine ecosystems (Lessard 1984, 1991, Jacobson and Anderson 1986, Jeong et al 2010b, Yoo et al 2013a. They play diverse ecological roles in the marine ecosystems as effective grazers on diverse prey items, including bacteria, phytoplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, other heterotrophic dinoflagellates, ciliates, and eggs and early naupliar stages of metazoans (Jeong 1999, Jeong et al 2010b, Yoo et al 2013a, 2013b, and are important prey items for large ciliates, metazooplankton, and larval fish (Klein Breteler 1980, Gifford and Dagg 1991, Jeong et al 2007b. They also sometimes control populations of red tide species (Jeong et al 2005a, Yoo et al 2013a.…”

Feeding by common heterotrophic protists on the phototrophic dinoflagellate Biecheleriopsis adriatica (Suessiaceae) compared to that of other suessioid dinoflagellates

“…The maximum swimming speeds of B. adriatica and Y. yeosuensis were much greater than those of B. cincta and E. voratum (Table 4). Furthermore, B. adriatica and Y. yeosuensis jump backward when a predator attacks, whereas B. cincta and E. voratum do not jump (Kang et al 2011, Yoo et al 2013c, 2018a, 2017. Thus, the much higher maximum swimming speeds and jumping behaviors of B. adriatica and Y. yeosuensis may be partially responsible for the lower µ max or I max of O. marina on these prey species compared to those on B. cincta and E. voratum.…”

“…However, compared to species in other orders, such as Peridiniales, Gonyaulacales, and Gymnodiniales, there have been fewer species whose predators and mortality rates are reported (Jeong et al 1997. In the order Suessiales, the predators and mortality rates of Effrenium (Symbiodinium) voratum, Biecheleria cincta, Protodinium simplex, and Yihiella yeosuensis have been reported (Strom and Morello 1998, Montagnes and Lessard 1999, Yoo et al 2013c, 2018a. Biecheleriopsis adriatica was reported as a new genus and species of the order Suessiales in 2009 (Moestrup et al 2009).…”