Growth and Histological Effects to Protothaca staminea (Littleneck Clam) of Long-Term Exposure to Chlorinated Sea Water

Gibson, C.I.; Hillman, Anthony; Wilkinson, Paul; Woodruff, Dana L.

doi:10.2172/1076462

Cited by 2 publications

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“…test conditions, but did show positive signs of growth after 5 months in the two lower concentrations and control conditions. A more detailed discussion of the results are provided in Gibson et al (1980b).…”

Section: Cpomentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocide By-Products in Aquatic Environments

Bean¹,

Gibson²,

Anderson³

1981

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A three-year program has been conducted to study the chemistry and biological effects of products arising from the low-level chlorination of natural waters. These studies are related to environmental concerns ans1ng from the aischarge of chlorine-treated power plant cooling water. The stuaies have shown that addition of low levels (2 mg/i) of cnlor1ne to natural waters produces haloforms in concentrations which are orders of magnitude lower than the LCso's measured in a number of fresh ana salt water organisms. Chlorination also produces nonhaloform lipophilic organohalogen products in concentrations much lower than the naloforms, although no evidence was obtained which suggested significant olomagnification of these during chronic exposure of juvenile salmon to cn-lorlnateo fresh water. No dramatic effects were noted in organisms chronically exposeo to chlorinateo waters, but changes in general condition were ooservea.iii SUMMARY This report is intended to provide an overvlew of a three-year program designed to study the chemistry and biological effects of products arising from the low-level chlorination of water. The purpose of the program was to determine the potential effects of the cooling waters discharged by nuclear power plants which control biofouling through the use of chlorine treatments. Emphasis was placed on identifying the major products of chlorination, particularly those products which had a potential for long-term environmental effects, such as bioaccumulation. Biological experiments were conducted in both fresh and marine waters to determine the long-term effects of low levels of chlorination to a variety of aquatic organisms. In addition, experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of chloroform to four species of fresh water fish, and of bromoform to five species of marine organisms. These latter experiments were performed because the haloforms were identified as principal products arising from the chlorination of natural waters.The detailed methodologies, data, and interpretations leading to the observations, results and conclusions presented in this report can be found in six Topical Reports to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The titles and document numbers for these reports are listed in the Preface.The principal organohalogen products formed from the low level chlorination of natural waters are haloforms; bromoform in saline waters, and chloroform in fresh waters. Concentrations of haloforms produced by addition of 2-4 mg/t chlorine are in the range of a few ~g/i (parts-perbillion). While other lipophilic organohalogen compounds are produced by the chlorination process, their concentrations appear to be considerably less than the part-per-billion level.Chronic experiments with low levels of chlorine conducted in fresh water using juvenile trout (Salmo gairdneri) and in sea water using littleneck clams (Protothaca staminea) did not produce obvious or dramatic changes in these organisms. For the clams, there was some evidence of growth inhibition, ...

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Section: Cpomentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocide By-Products in Aquatic Environments

Bean¹,

Gibson²,

Anderson³

1981

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“…Previous studies of the effects of chloroform on freshwater fish (Anderson and Lusty, 1980) and of bromoform on marine shellfish (Gibson, et al, 1980b) have demonstrated the potential for bio-uptake of these chlorination products. Although bio-uptake upon exposure was shown by these authors to be fairly rapid, the depuration of these materials from experimental animals upon termination of exposure was also rapid.…”

Section: Analysis Of Shellfish For Haloform and Organic Halogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No marked effects were noted in organisms chronically exposed to chlorinated waters, but changes in general condition were observed. The results from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Program have been presented in six Topical Reports Anderson and Lusty, 1980;Gibson et al, 1980a, Gibson et al, 1980band Bean et al, 1980) and summarized in a Final Report (Bean et al, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organohalogen products from chlorination of cooling water at nuclear power stations

Bean¹

1983

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Eight nuclear power units at seven locations in the U.S. were studied to determine the effects of chlorine, added as a biocide, on the composition of cooling water discharge. Wa.ter, sediment and biota samples from the sites were analyzed for total organic halogen and for a variety of organohalogen compounds. Haloforms were discharged from all plants studied, at concentrations of a few ~g/L (parts-per-billion). Evidence was obtained that power plants with cooling towers discharge a significant portion of the haloforms formed during chlorination to the atmosphere. A complex mixture of halogenated phenols was found in the cooling water discharges of the power units. Cooling towers can act to concentrate ha 1 ogenated pheno 1 s to 1 eve 1 s approaching those of the haloforms. Examination of samples by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry did not result in i dentifi cation of any significant concentrations of lipophilic base-neutral compounds that could be shown to be formed by the chlorination process. Total concentrations of lipophilic (bioabsorbable) and volatile organohalogen material discharged ranged from about 2 to 4 ~g/L. Analysis of sediment samples for organohalogen material suggests that certain chlorination products may accumulate in sediments, although no tissue bioaccumulation could be demonstrated from analysis of a limited number of samples.

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Growth and Histological Effects to Protothaca staminea (Littleneck Clam) of Long-Term Exposure to Chlorinated Sea Water

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Biocide By-Products in Aquatic Environments

Biocide By-Products in Aquatic Environments

Organohalogen products from chlorination of cooling water at nuclear power stations

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