Growth and erosion rates of the East Carpathians volcanoes constrained by numerical models: Tectonic and climatic implications

Geochronological evolution of the potentially active Iliniza Volcano (Ecuador) based on new K-Ar ages

“…The Cassignol-Gillot technique is adequate to date young calk-alkaline volcanic products that typically exhibit low 40 Ar* contents (Gillot et al, 2006). This technique was successfully applied to the Quaternary Ecuadorian volcanic arc (Alvarado et al, 2014;Bablon et al, 2018Bablon et al, , 2019Bablon et al, , 2020, in the Andes (e.g., Germa et al, 2010;Samaniego et al, 2016;Grosse et al, 2018Grosse et al, , 2020Pallares et al, 2019;Mariño et al, 2021), and worldwide (e.g., Germa et al, 2011;Hildenbrand et al, 2018;Dibacto et al, 2020). Groundmass fraction is preferred for dating since it is the potassium-enriched phase that crystallizes last following the eruption, and thus incorporated the initial argon with atmospheric isotopic ratio.…”

“…A regular 30-m resolution point cloud was extracted from it to facilitate numerical calculations. We followed the method developed in Lahitte et al (2012) according to the descriptions provided by Germa et al (2015) and Dibacto et al (2020), which are summarized below. The above-mentioned papers yield further methodological details and comparisons with other numerical techniques.…”

Large-magnitude (VEI ≥ 7) ‘wet’ explosive silicic eruption preserved a Lower Miocene habitat at the Ipolytarnóc Fossil Site, North Hungary

“…The Pannonian Basin, located within the Carpathian Mountains, belongs to the Mediterranean-Alpine orogeny realm 7 – 9 . Subduction- and/or collision-related volcanism occurred along the Carpathian arc from the Mid-Miocene to the Late Quaternary 18 – 20 , whereas the basin itself was an area of intense explosive silicic volcanism throughout the Miocene (c. 20–12 Ma 5 , 6 , 16 – 18 , 21 ). Basin subsidence, neotectonic faulting, block uplift, and related intense erosion 22 resulted in the disintegration and removal of most pyroclastic rocks.…”

Volcanic Landforms and Landscapes of the East Carpathians (Romania) and Their Geoheritage Values

“…An average erosion rate of 31.5 m/Myr was accounted for the Ciomadul volcano from South Harghita [39]. The smallest average erosion rate-20 m/Myr-was recently established for the CGH as a whole, with 28 m/Myr for the Southern Harghita volcanic zone [40]. Taking into consideration that the Oaş-Gutâi segment lies between the Slansky-Tokaj and the Călimani-Gurghiu-Harghita segments, we would tentatively consider a 20-30 m/Myr average erosion rate in this area.…”

“…The volcanic areas of the CGH range are variously affected by erosional processes as reflected in their respective degrees of denudation: 30% in the Călimani Mountains, 25% in the Gurghiu Mountains, 20% in the North Harghita Mountains, and 15% in the South Harghita Mountains corresponding to erosion rates of 17, 11, 9, and 28 m/Ma, respectively [40]. In general, these processes consist of (1) overall lowering of the original topography which, however did not modify significantly the general volcanic landform's profile of the volcanic edifices, in particular their summit region; (2) enlargement and deepening of the original central volcanic depressions (craters and calderas) by a radial hydrographic network draining these areas; (3) dissection of the peripheral ring-plain areas by deep radially diverging or structurally determined parallel valleys but leaving the original topographic surface almost intact at today interfluvial areas; and (4) specific locally developing erosional processes with minor impact on the larger-scale landforms, such as glacial and periglacial processes.…”