Growth and Development of Male External Genitalia

Tomova, Analia; Deepinder, Fnu; Robeva, Ralitsa; Lalabonova, Hristina; Kumanov, Philip; Agarwal, Ashok

doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.223

Cited by 75 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It then increased rapidly during the puberty. Those patterns of penile growth are similar to the penile growth reported in previous Turkey or Brazil studies (1617). However, in current study, penile size increased continuously till 13 years old.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Change of Stretched Penile Length and Anthropometric Data in Korean Children Aged 0–14 Years: Comparative Study of Last 25 Years

et al. 2016

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There has been a great improvement in height and weight of Korean children owing to economic development over the last 25 years. This study aimed to evaluate the penile length of Korean children today and to compare it with a previous Korean study reported in 1987. The cross-sectional study was conducted with 909 Korean boys aged 0–14 years who had been brought to outpatient clinics of five tertiary hospitals (Busan, Ulsan, and Changwon) between September 2013 and May 2015. The stretched penile length (SPL) was measured and the testicular size was measured using orchidometry (mL). Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the result of our study and the study reported in 1987. SPL of Korean children gradually increased from 4.1 ± 0.8 cm at 0-1 year old to 9.6 ± 3.0 cm at 13-14 years old, the most rapidly during the age of 13. While body weight and testicular size significantly increased from 1987 in most of age groups, there were no significant changes in SPL although there was in some age groups. Height decreased in the infants < 1 year old and increased in the children > 6 years old. With the great economic development over the last quarter century in Korea, height, body weight, and testicular size of children significantly increased but there was no significant change in SPL except penile growth pattern.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Change of Stretched Penile Length and Anthropometric Data in Korean Children Aged 0–14 Years: Comparative Study of Last 25 Years

et al. 2016

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“…The penile measurements that we obtained are practically identical to those reported by Tomova in 6200 children (300 for every year of age) [26]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development

Sotos

Tokar

2017

Int J Pediatr Endocrinol

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BackgroundTesticular volumes obtained with orchidometers or external linear measurements in the scrotum (centimeter ruler or calipers) grossly over-estimate ultrasound volumes, have much variability and may not be accurate or reproducible. The reference of the values obtained by orchidometers or US, to age or Tanner stages is not useful to determine the normal values for stages of puberty, because overlapping of ages and values. Pubertal development is determined by two events, genital and pubic hair development, that should be analyzed independently because one could be out of step with the other. The ultrasound (US) measurement of testicular volumes is the gold standard but is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly.The solution of the problems would be to determine testicular volumes matching US values, from the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, by formulas recently described, and to reference them to the stages of genital development.MethodsThe width and length of the testes in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler were obtained in 159 study subjects, in different stages of genital development and adults, for a total of 318 testicular determinations, from the age of 3 to 34 years. The width obtained in the scrotum was corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin (ss). The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes matching US values were calculated. The volumes and the range of ages for different stages of genital development were determined. Penile measurements were obtained in 145 subjects and pubic and other hair recorded.Paired and unpaired 2 tail student t-test was used to compare the means of the different groups expressed as means and SD and, in addition the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Bootstrap methods for the testicular volume groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant.The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Nationwide Children’s Hospital determined that this study did not require IRB approval.ResultsWith a simple measurement of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, testicular volumes matching US values were calculated and normative values for each stage of genital development were determined.ConclusionThis information should solve present problems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13633-017-0046-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Penile growth in Japanese boys is similar to that in boys from other ethnic backgrounds, with penile size increasing continuously throughout the prepubertal period, and most rapidly during early infancy [7,11,12,13]. Rapid penile growth during early infancy is probably related to the postnatal surge in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

A Cross-Sectional Growth Reference and Chart of Stretched Penile Length for Japanese Boys Aged 0-7 Years

et al. 2014

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Background/Aim: Reference values for penile length have not been established for Japanese boys. We aimed to develop percentiles and means (and standard deviations) of stretched penile length (SPL) in Japanese boys. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 1,628 Japanese boys aged <9 years from 2007 through 2014. The LMS method was used to develop a growth reference and chart for SPL in boys aged 0-7 years. Interobserver variation in SPLs was assessed in 32 boys (aged 0-11 years, median 3 years) using the Bland-Altman plot. The correlation between SPL and stature, weight or body mass index (BMI) was analyzed by the Pearson test. Results: SPL increases continuously during the prepubertal period, and most rapidly in the first 4 months of life. No significant fixed or proportional bias was found for interobserver variation (p = 0.5; r = 0.33, p = 0.06). There was no significant correlation between SPL z-score and stature z-score (r = 0.14, p < 0.001), weight z-score (r = 0.09, p < 0.001) or BMI z-score (r = 0.01, p = 0.71). Conclusion: These data serve as an updated growth reference for SPL in Japanese boys aged 0-7 years.

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Growth and Development of Male External Genitalia

Abstract: To provide estimates of normal variations in penile measurements and testicular volumes, and to establish reference ranges for clinical use.

Cited by 75 publications

References 20 publications

The Change of Stretched Penile Length and Anthropometric Data in Korean Children Aged 0–14 Years: Comparative Study of Last 25 Years

The Change of Stretched Penile Length and Anthropometric Data in Korean Children Aged 0–14 Years: Comparative Study of Last 25 Years

Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development

A Cross-Sectional Growth Reference and Chart of Stretched Penile Length for Japanese Boys Aged 0-7 Years

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