Growth and Development of Full-Term Nonasphyxiated Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns: Follow-up Through Adolescence

Westwood, Michael; Kramer, Michael S.; Munz, Diane; Lovett, J. M.; Watters, Gordon V.

doi:10.1542/peds.71.3.376

Cited by 202 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…What's more, the linear growth rate is lower in babies of shorter mothers. This evidence corroborates the literature on the possible influences of genetic components on children's growth (Westwood et al 1983). The short stature of fathers, especially mothers, indicates a great positive influence on height deficit among children, that is, mothers with short stature tend to have shorter children (Ashworth et al 1997).…”

Section: Geneticssupporting

confidence: 88%

Children born with low weight: what factors interfere with their growth?

Santos¹,

Palombo²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2023

Development and Its Applications in Scientific Knowledge

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Introduction: It is known that the state of health at birth is a determining factor of greater importance for the survival and quality of life of the child. Children born with less than 2500 grams are more likely to die in the first months of life, have delays in neuro-psychomotor development, and have chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood. As the growth process depends on the interaction between genetic load and factors extrinsic to the human being, knowing which factors interfere in the growth of children born with low weight can contribute to qualifying the child's health care. Objective: To identify in the kinetic literature the factors that interfere with the growth of children born with low weight up to two years of life. Method: The proposed systematic review was conducted according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute for systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Only studies that quantitatively addressed the factors that interfere with the growth of children born with low weight up to 2 years of age were selected. Studies involving children with congenital or perinatal pathology did not participate in this review. The data were extracted by the principal investigator and included: the author/year, objective, method, and main results of the study. Results: Of the 3433 articles identified, only 1 2 studies were included in this review. Diet, socioeconomic status, family-centered care, and genetics were identified as the main factors of interference in the growth of children born with low weight up to two years of age. Conclusions: The growth of children born with low weight is determined by several factors, especially diet and socioeconomic aspects.

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Section: Geneticssupporting

confidence: 88%

Children born with low weight: what factors interfere with their growth?

Santos¹,

Palombo²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2023

Development and Its Applications in Scientific Knowledge

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show abstract

“…Two studies found that children born SGA had lower cognitive scores and more behavioral problems than children born AGA ( 44 , 45 ), while another study found only impaired cognitive function and delayed developmental outcomes in short children born SGA ( 46 , 47 ). In contrast, it was reported that non-asphyxiated children born SGA had cognitive scores within the normal range, if adjustments for socioeconomic status were made, with only a trend toward lower scores ( 48 ). The average score of the full developmental quotient for children born SGA was lower than that of the reference population, but it should be stressed that the majority scored more than 85, and thus are within the normal range ( 49 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 96%

International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

et al. 2023

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This International Consensus Guideline was developed by experts in the field of SGA of 10 pediatric endocrine societies worldwide. A consensus meeting was held and 1300 articles formed the basis for discussions. All experts voted about the strengths of the recommendations. The guideline gives new and clinically relevant insights into the etiology of short stature after SGA birth, including novel knowledge about (epi)genetic causes. Besides, it presents long-term consequences of SGA birth and new treatment options, including treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in addition to growth hormone (GH) treatment, and the metabolic and cardiovascular health of young adults born SGA after cessation of childhood-GH-treatment in comparison with appropriate control groups. To diagnose SGA, accurate anthropometry and use of national growth charts are recommended. Follow-up in early life is warranted and neurodevelopment evaluation in those at risk. Excessive postnatal weight gain should be avoided, as this is associated with an unfavorable cardio-metabolic health profile in adulthood. Children born SGA with persistent short stature < -2.5 SDS at age 2 years or < -2 SDS at age of 3-4 years, should be referred for diagnostic work-up. In case of dysmorphic features, major malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability and/or signs of skeletal dysplasia, genetic testing should be considered. Treatment with 0.033–0.067 mg GH/kg/day is recommended in case of persistent short stature at age of 3-4 years. Adding GnRHa treatment could be considered when short adult height is expected at pubertal onset. All young adults born SGA require counseling to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

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“…Adequate nutrition during early infancy is essential for the overall well‐being of the child and can have a major impact on long‐term development. Preterm and term infants born SGA carry a high risk for continued growth deficits, neurodevelopmental abnormalities and behavioural problems(34‐38). Increasing evidence suggests that either low birth weight or rapid postnatal weight gain or the combination of both may predispose to adverse long‐term effects, such as increased risk for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis in adulthood(39‐47).…”

Section: Potential Consequences Of Prenatal and Postnatal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge

Aggett¹,

Agostoni²,

Axelsson³

et al. 2006

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

136

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Survival of small premature infants has markedly improved during the last few decades. These infants are discharged from hospital care with body weight below the usual birth weight of healthy term infants. Early nutrition support of preterm infants influences long-term health outcomes. Therefore, the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition has reviewed available evidence on feeding preterm infants after hospital discharge. Close monitoring of growth during hospital stay and after discharge is recommended to enable the provision of adequate nutrition support. Measurements of length and head circumference, in addition to weight, must be used to identify those preterm infants with poor growth that may need additional nutrition support. Infants with an appropriate weight for postconceptional age at discharge should be breast-fed when possible. When formula-fed, such infants should be fed regular infant formula with provision of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Infants discharged with a subnormal weight for postconceptional age are at increased risk of long-term growth failure, and the human milk they consume should be supplemented, for example, with a human milk fortifier to provide an adequate nutrient supply. If formula-fed, such infants should receive special postdischarge formula with high contents of protein, minerals and trace elements as well as an long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supply, at least until a postconceptional age of 40 weeks, but possibly until about 52 weeks postconceptional age. Continued growth monitoring is required to adapt feeding choices to the needs of individual infants and to avoid underfeeding or overfeeding.

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Growth and Development of Full-Term Nonasphyxiated Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns: Follow-up Through Adolescence

Cited by 202 publications

References 0 publications

Children born with low weight: what factors interfere with their growth?

Children born with low weight: what factors interfere with their growth?

International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood

Feeding Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge

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