Growth and bioactive secondary metabolites of arctic Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae)

Sala-Pérez, Manuel; Alpermann, Tilman J.; Krock, Bernd; Tillmann, Urban

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.004

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In addition, Reifel et al (2002) showed that Protoceratium reticulatum from the Salton Sea, where the C. mariaovidiorum strain CCMP404 was isolated, showed no toxicity in mouse and brine shrimp assays and a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra did not show the presence of structures similar to those of algal toxins, suggesting that the species probably corresponds to C. mariaovidiorum. The confirmation of non-production of YTX in C. mariaovidiorum reveals another important difference from P. reticulatum, which is known as a YTX producer worldwide (e.g., Ciminiello et al 2003, Paz et al 2004, Eiki et al 2005, Alvarez et al 2011, Akselman et al 2015, Sala-P erez et al 2016. As far as we know, only two reports (Satake et al 1999, Rhodes et al 2006) have indicated the lack of toxins in P. reticulatum strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…2, n ando in Sala-P erez et al 2016). Interestingly, the Po plate of P. reticulatum shown by Hansen et al (1996/97) and Sala-P erez et al (2016) appears to be similar to that of C. armata (see plate 3G in Steidinger and Tangen 1997), but apparently different from that of Gonyaulax grindleyi (= P. reticulatum) shown in Plate 4D by Steidinger and Tangen (1997), which according to Steidinger has two portions (K.A. Steidinger, pers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…2, n and o in Sala‐Pérez et al. ). Interestingly, the Po plate of P. reticulatum shown by Hansen et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…1996/97, Sala‐Pérez et al. , Salgado et al. ), so it is quite likely that plates 1a and 3′ are homologous in both P. reticulatum and C. mariaovidiorum .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum

Salgado

Fraga

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

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The family Ceratocoryaceae includes the genera Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, and Schuettiella, whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. Here, the new non‐yessotoxin‐producing species of the genus Ceratocorys, Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov., previously reported as the toxic Protoceratium reticulatum, is described from examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses. The species description is made from culture samples of strains CCMP1740 and CCMP404 from USA waters. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum is globular and has thick and strongly reticulated plates with one pore within each reticule, just like P. reticulatum, but the key difference between the two species is the presence of five precingular plates in C. mariaovidiorum instead of six as in P. reticulatum. The thecal plate formula is Po, 4′, 0a, 5″, 6c, ~7s, 5‴, 0p, 2′′′′. The apical pore plate is oval with a λ‐shaped pore. The first apical plate is narrow with a ventral pore on the right anterior side; it contacts the apical pore plate and its contact with the anterior sulcal plate is slight or absent. The fourth precingular plate of other Gonyaulacales is absent. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum may have small spines on the second antapical plate. A phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer/5.8SrDNA supports the morphological classification of C. mariaovidiorum as a new species of Ceratocorys and in a different clade from P. reticulatum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum

Salgado

Fraga

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2017

Journal of Phycology

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“…Cell concentrations in the initial algal sample and the supernatant (or filtrates) were counted to quantify exact cell numbers in pellets for toxin measurement. Dry samples were kept at À20°C, and all further analyses were conducted at Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany (as described in detail in Nielsen et al 2013, Suikkanen et al 2013, Sala-P erez et al 2016, Xu et al 2017B. Krock, unpublished manuscript).…”

Section: Algal Species and Their Toxin Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic dinoflagellates produce true grazer deterrents

Kiørboe

2018

Ecology

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Many phytoplankton species produce toxic substances, but their functional role is unclear. Specifically, it remains uncertain whether these compounds have a toxic or deterrent effect on grazers; only, the latter is consistent with toxins as defensive tools. Here, we show that 10 of 12 species or strains of toxic dinoflagellates were consumed at lower rates than a similarly sized nontoxic dinoflagellate by a copepod. Through video observations of individual prey-grazer interactions, we further demonstrate that the dominating mechanism is through capture, examination, and subsequent rejection of vital cells, that is, a true deterrent effect that offers a straightforward explanation to its evolution. We argue that the diversity of grazer responses to toxic phytoplankton reported in the literature, including toxic effects, and the high diversity of toxin profiles between strains of the same phytoplankton species reflect different stages of an ever-ongoing evolutionary arms race, facilitated by rapid adaptation of grazers to toxic substances. We further argue that defensive toxicity requires a chemical signal exterior to the cell that informs the grazer about the toxicity of the cell. The signal can be the toxin itself or just an aposematic signal of toxicity. In the former case, allelochemical effects may emerge at high cell concentrations as a nonadaptive side effect of a predator defenses.

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Detection of the phycotoxin pectenotoxin-2 in waters around King George Island, Antarctica

et al. 2020

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In order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not firmly identified in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinoflagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of significant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinoflagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evidence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area. The presence of phycotoxins and their respective producers, even at the low background concentrations found in this study, may be the seed of possible proliferations of these species under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, phycotoxins can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a very specific group of plankton thus allowing to track the presence of this group over time.

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Growth and bioactive secondary metabolites of arctic Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae)

Cited by 32 publications

References 64 publications

Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum

Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales), a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as Protoceratium reticulatum

Toxic dinoflagellates produce true grazer deterrents

Detection of the phycotoxin pectenotoxin-2 in waters around King George Island, Antarctica

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