Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

Transcriptome analysis of the response of Hypomyces chrysospermus to cadmium stress

“…Enzymes play an important role in the abiotic stress response of microorganisms. Under normal conditions, the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) and the antioxidants GSH and ascorbic acid (AsA) in the cell scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cellular metabolism, maintaining a very low level of ROS in the cell (Bansal et al, 2021). In this study, two CAT genes encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) II (Log 2 FC = 3.374766182) and GSH synthetase (Log 2 FC = 1.087802885), which are involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways, were significantly upregulated in response to 120 mg/l Cd treatment (Supplementary Table S4), possibly because excess Cd induced the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen radicals in the cells.…”

Heavy Metal Toxicity Effects on Plants

“…Studies on Cd stress responses are available primarily in cereals, with minimal information reported in legumes [6]. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)…”