Growing Urbanization, Changing Climate, and Adaptation in Peri-urban Kathmandu

Sada, Rajesh; Shukla, Ashutosh; Shrestha, Anushiya; Melsen, Lieke

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199464166.003.0005

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Land transactions and building have increased considerably since then. The built-up area increased by more than 250% between 1992 and 2010, and is expected to grow by about 110% between 2010 and 2030 (Sada et al 2016). Important causes are inmigration during the Maoist insurgency (1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006), fragmentation through inheritance, legally mandatory land division between tillers and landowners, and sales for cash needs.…”

Section: Dadhikotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2011, its population increased by 1.6% annually, while the builtup area increased by 3.7% annually (CBS 2001(CBS , 2012 and by more than 80% between 1992 and 2010. The built-up area is expected to increase by more than 110% between 2010 and 2030 (Sada et al 2016). Although livelihoods are diversifying, about 60% of the population is involved in agriculture (VDC Profile 2013).…”

Section: Dadhikotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urban water needs, demand for products from the peri-urban, and practices of waste disposal are deeply influencing water security. These processes are further compounded by the impacts of a changing climate on precipitation, temperature, and water availability (Shrestha et al 2014, Sada et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Shrestha¹,

Roth²,

Joshi³

2018

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Urbanization and the changing climate are increasingly influencing people's access to land and water. Changes in use of, and rights and access to, land and water are most acutely experienced in peri-urban areas. We analyze these changes in peri-urban Kathmandu, Nepal. Increasing pressures on land and growing water needs of an expanding population in Kathmandu Valley are creating new patterns of water use, water-related conflicts, and (in)securities. We use two case studies that are characteristic of these changes, with a focus on the microlevel redefinitions of, and struggles about, rights, access, and notions of legitimate water use, and what these mean for water security and water conflict in a socially and institutionally complex and dynamic environment. Our findings show that these water-related changes cause contestations and conflicts between peri-urban water users. Amid increasing competition for water, people are using new sources and technologies, searching for negotiated solutions based on local norms and rights, and co-opting other water users through cooperation to create access opportunities and avoid conflicts. Our cases show self-restraint in practices of claiming or accessing water, while avoidance of conflicts also derives from an awareness of unequal power relations between user groups, past experiences of violence used against protesters, and lack of active intervention to regulate increasing exploitation of peri-urban land and water resources.

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Section: Dadhikotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dadhikotmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Shrestha¹,

Roth²,

Joshi³

2018

E&S

Self Cite

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“…The outskirts of the city areas of the Kathmandu Valley were considered as the peri-urban areas in this study. Dhadikot, Jhaukhel and Ekantkuna were selected based on population growth, land use change and water availability information (CBS 2012;Shrestha et al 2014Shrestha et al , 2018aShrestha et al , 2018bSada et al 2016;Shrestha et al 2017). Dhadhikot of Suryabinayak municipality and Jhaukhel of Changhunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur district lie on the outskirts of Bhaktpur sub-metropolitan city and Ekantakuna lies on the outskirts of Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city.…”

Section: Methodology Description Of Study Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation of menstrual management facilities in schools of peri-urban areas of Nepal: WASH, privacy, and healthcare

Shrestha

Shrestha²,

Ito

et al. 2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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Menstrual management (MM) facilities in schools are neglected in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the existing MM facilities, identified the deficient, and collected students' ideas in peri-urban schools of Nepal. The schools had basic MM facilities including water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructures, gender-segregated toilet facilities with taps, dustbins and running water, provision of emergency sanitary pads, etc. Out of 71 students who reported soiling of dresses with menstrual blood as a common problem, 27% went home and did not return in such situation instead of washing off at school. Forty-six per cent of students used washable absorbents, but washing and drying facilities were lacking, and students adapted by using disposable pads at school and washable at home. Out of 126 students, 106 took days off during menstruation in the past three months with an average of 2.6 days by one student. Sixty-one per cent gave the reason as pain and 39% tiredness for taking days off. Healthcare facilities were lacking in schools, hence, lack of these facilities in schools might be contributing to absenteeism. The traditionally advocated list of MM facilities for schools, largely involving WASH facilities, should be updated, including newly identified factors which were also suggested by students.

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From Royal Canal to Neglected Canal? Changing Use and Management of a Traditional Canal Irrigation System in Peri-Urban Kathmandu Valley

Shrestha¹,

Roth

Yakami

2021

Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia

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In this chapter we discuss the changing uses and management of a traditional canal irrigation system against the background of processes of urbanization in Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Until urbanization of Kathmandu Valley took off in the 1980s, the management of stream-fed canal irrigation systems had been a priority of both state agencies and the population that depended on agriculture-based livelihoods. The name rajkulo (royal canal) given to these systems expresses the historical interests of (royal) state actors in canal maintenance and management. Fed by a stream called Mahadev Khola in Dadhikot, a peri-urban village in Kathmandu Valley, Mahadev Khola Rajkulo is such a traditional canal irrigation system. Using an in-depth case study of this system, we analyse the interlinkages of demographic, socio-environmental, economic and local political dynamics with the changing canal uses and management. More specifically, we discuss how and why various actors became associated with, or dissociated from, canal use and management in recent times, and what these processes mean for water access, rights and security. We reflect on the implications of these changes for canal management and canal-related conflicts, against the background of national urban policies that formally aim to conserve agricultural land in Kathmandu Valley, but stimulate urban expansion in practice.

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Growing Urbanization, Changing Climate, and Adaptation in Peri-urban Kathmandu

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Flows of change: dynamic water rights and water access in peri-urban Kathmandu

Situation of menstrual management facilities in schools of peri-urban areas of Nepal: WASH, privacy, and healthcare

From Royal Canal to Neglected Canal? Changing Use and Management of a Traditional Canal Irrigation System in Peri-Urban Kathmandu Valley

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