Growing Up in Poor Neighborhoods: How Much Does It Matter?

Mayer, Susan E.; Jencks, Christopher

doi:10.1126/science.243.4897.1441

Cited by 348 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…On the one hand, research has focused on the structuralecological forces that push and pull urban dwellers into different residential locations, creating residential flows between certain types of neighborhoods (Sampson 2012;Zorbaugh 1929). On the other, researchers have considered how the selection mechanisms of preferences and decision-making act to disperse residents into neighborhoods of their choosing (Mayer and Jencks 1989). However, both of these explanations ignore a critical intermediary force in distributing residents among neighborhoods: the landlord.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low–Income Renters

2014

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This paper considers an unexamined mechanism in the selection processes that sort the urban poor into different neighborhood environments: the landlord. Scholars of poverty and residential mobility have long been interested in how the choices of low-income families interact with structural barriers to create high-poverty neighborhoods that reproduce social and economic isolation as well as racial segregation. However, they have not examined the ways in which these choices are shaped by the intermediary force of the landlord. This paper draws on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with 20 landlords and 82 residents in Baltimore, examining their engagement with the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. Findings show that landlords' strategic implementations of voucher rules contribute to residential sorting patterns through a three-step process: first, selection, in which targeted recruitment tactics favor voucher tenants; second, a sorting process in which landlords cherry-pick the lower-end voucher tenants, matching them to hard-torent units; and third, landlords' selective retention of tenants who do not have the means to leave. This results in rigging the game, where a process of "reverse selection" operates: Rather than tenants selecting homes and neighborhoods, landlords are selecting tenants. Taken together, these tactics result in a strategic balkanization of the rental housing market that retains voucher holders where they can be most profitable-in the very neighborhoods policymakers would like to provide them with the opportunity to leave. Landlord tactics serve as a powerful mechanism in the concentration of poverty.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low–Income Renters

2014

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“…And they developed an index to measure the entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers. Mayer & Jencks [24] have indicated the profound influence of neighbouring peers on individuals throughout their life spans. Individual's entry to entrepreneurship (rely on theories of social norms and individual attitudes) posits that intentions precede entry and attitudes precede intentions [21].…”

Section: Entrepreneurship In Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farmer groups reduce transaction cost, improve marketing facilities, reduce cost of cultivation, and facilitate other services [15]. Other benefits of farmer groups are; initiating and establishing culture of cooperation and coordination for their own benefits [24], conducting collective actions to overcome common problems [4], improving resource management strategies resulting in growth of local market and rural economy [4], developing networks among members and facilitate members to share ideas and find ways of mutual support. Farmers' groups have been found to help extension agents to improve member farmers' knowledge and practical skills of agricultural technologies [29].…”

Section: Groups and Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of group interactions on farmers’ entrepreneurial behaviour

Abeyrathne¹,

Jayawardena²

2014

E+M

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“…Vulnerability to violence is influenced by the context in which individuals reside, the activities they choose to engage in, and the individual characteristics that make them different from each other (Gibson, Morris, & Beaver, 2009;Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003;Maimon & Browning, 2010;Mayer & Jencks, 1989;Schreck et al, 2002;Sharkey, 2006;Wilcox-Rountree, Land, & Miethe, 1994). Historically, situational and contextual theories have had the largest influence on explaining personal and violent victimization (Cohen & Felson, 1979;Hindelang, Gottfredson, & Garofalo, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unpacking the Influence of Neighborhood Context and Antisocial Propensity on Violent Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Chicago

Gibson¹

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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This research combines social disorganization and self-control theories to understand violent victimization among children and adolescents. In doing so, several research questions are investigated to explore the independent and interactive influences that neighborhood disadvantage and low self-control have on violent victimization risk.Data from the 9, 12, and 15-year old cohorts of the Longitudinal Cohort Study in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN-LCS) were used in this study. Data analyzed were from self-reports of children, adolescents, and their primary caregivers during waves 1 and 2 of the longitudinal data collection effort. In addition, neighborhood structural characteristics from the U.S. Census were also analyzed.Results from a combination of hierarchical generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regression models with robust standard errors revealed that violent victimization did not significantly vary across neighborhoods, and independent of various behavioral and lifestyle choices made by children and adolescents, low self-control increased the risk for becoming a victim of violence. Additionally, choices made by them also influenced their risk of violent victimization; those who reported engaging in violent offending, spending more time in unstructured activities, and having more delinquent peers had a higher risk of being a victim of violence. Further analysis shows that the association between low self-control and violent victimization risk varies across levels of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage in which youth live; low self-control's influence in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods dissipated while it was amplified for those living in the least disadvantaged neighborhoods. Unstructured socializing with peers was the only factor that significantly influenced violent victimization risk across low, medium and high disadvantaged neighborhoods. Findings are consistent with a "social push" perspective, which suggests that disadvantaged environments provide social pressures that may override the influence of individual differences on vulnerability to violent victimization.Implications of this study's findings are discussed as they relate to policy, prevention and theory; while also setting forth a research agenda on neighborhoods, antisocial traits, and violent victimization risk for future research.

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Growing Up in Poor Neighborhoods: How Much Does It Matter?

Cited by 348 publications

References 17 publications

Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low–Income Renters

Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low–Income Renters

Impact of group interactions on farmers’ entrepreneurial behaviour

Unpacking the Influence of Neighborhood Context and Antisocial Propensity on Violent Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Chicago

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