“…1. Characteristics of powerlessness and hopelessness (Calhoun et al, 2005;Pomeroy et al, 1998) are addressed by fostering hope through spiritual beliefs, by finding existential meaning, and by reframing suffering (Anand, 2006;Carson et al, 1988;Cheavens & Gum, 2000;Fitzhugh & Colletti, 2000;Havey, 2005;Morgan, Garland, Rozycki, Reich, & Wilson 2005;Shearer, 2003). 2.…”