Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: estimating the degree of population subdivision.

Crow, James F.; Aoki, Kenichi

doi:10.1073/pnas.81.19.6073

Cited by 548 publications

(391 citation statements)

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“…Crow and Aoki's (1984) approximation indicates that for a generation time of one year (Bart and Page 1992) and regional effective population size of 1()4, 6 should go halfway to equilibrium in 220 to 3960 years (using the range of Nm values observed in this study). Significant isolation-by-distance was detected in all species occupying the Ozark region via rank correlation, but analysis of genetic variance and UPGMA dendrograms (data not TABLE 4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ecological and Historical Associations of Gene Flow in Darters (Teleostei: Percidae)

Turner

Trexler

1998

Evolution

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Abstract.-Life history should relate to gene flow (Nm) through its influence on dispersal and effective population size. Comparative studies designed to elucidate this relationship must contend with historical events that can yield misleading estimates of gene flow and statistical problems associated with inclusion of life-history traits correlated with phylogeny. We studied the relationships of life-history characters and gene flow in 15 species of darters, a monophyletic group of stream fishes. Populations of coexisting species were sampled in three geographic regions with different Pleistocene glaciation histories. Gene flow was estimated indirectly from allozymes using two methods, 6 and private alleles. Isolation-by-distance was also tested using regression of pairwise estimates of gene flow (M) on distance. Theta and private-alleles methods produced congruent estimates of Nm, except in a study region hypothesized to have been historically fragmented and then united following Pleistocene glaciation. A relatively weak association between life-history traits and Nm (based on 6) was observed when species from the historically fragmented region were included in stepwise regression analysis, because Nm was low despite life-history differences among taxa in this region. Excluding observations from this region produced stronger associations between clutch size and Nm (r 2 = 0.57), and between female size, egg size, and Nm (r 2 = 0.95). Additional analyses that corrected for female body size and phylogenetic nonindependence agreed that darters with high fecundity and small eggs exhibited high gene flow, whereas darters with small clutches and large eggs had low gene flow. The latter combination of life-history traits primarily is exhibited in species from headwater habitats where parental investment presumably confers survivorship on offspring. Reduced gene flow and genetic divergence among demes appear to be evolutionary consequences of this strategy.Key words.-Allozymes, comparative approach, Etheostoma, life history, mitochondrial DNA, Percina, population history.Received July 7, 1998. Accepted August 18, 1998 Life history should relate to gene flow (Nm) through its influence on dispersal and effective population size. A number of comparative studies have shown that interspecific lifehistory variation and gene flow are only weakly related (reviewed in Avise 1994). This probably results from the effects of historical events on genetic structure, for example, vicariant fragmentation, range expansion, and extinction and recolonization. Such events can produce patterns of genetic divergence that are similar to patterns resulting from ongoing migration (Felsenstein 1982;Templeton et al. 1995). Thus, comparing taxa with different population histories can diminish the explanatory power of life-history traits as predictors of gene flow (Loveless and Hamrick 1984;Boileau et al. 1992; Schulman and Bermingham 1995).Comparisons of unrelated and ecologically dissimilar taxa can obscure the relationship between life-history ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ecological and Historical Associations of Gene Flow in Darters (Teleostei: Percidae)

Turner

Trexler

1998

Evolution

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“…O mesmo parâmetro (Nm), calculado pelo método de Crow & Aoki (1984), por ser indicado para o caso de poucas subpopulações, resultou num N m de 0,9, com um tamanho de vizinhança de 5,5 indivíduos, a partir da fórmula para um modelo de alpondras (Slatkin & Barton 1989).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Conservação genética de populações de Cryptocarya moschata Nees (Lauraceae) na Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo

1999

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-(Genetic conservation of populations of Cryptocarya moschata Nees (Lauraceae) in the Atlantic Rain Forest of the State of São Paulo). This paper was aimed at studying the genetic structure of populations of Cryptocarya moschata and proposing conservation strategies for the species. Allozyme data of 18 polymorphic loci were collected from 214 trees sampled from four natural populations located in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Estimates of Wright's F statistics were computed on the basis of observed and expected heterozygosities. The analysis of variance, pooled over loci and alleles, was also used to compare corresponding estimates of F (= F IT ), θ P (= F ST ) and f (= F IS ). Both methods provided similar results with F IT = 0.142, F ST = 0.140, F IS = 0.002 and F = 0.116, θ P = 0.123 and f = -0.008. Results indicated that individuals within populations are probably panmitic. Diversity among populations was very high, similar to what would be expected for groups of plants with a half-sib family structure. Estimates of θ P , obtained for populations taken two at a time, indicated that diversity tended to increase with distance and suggested that isolation by distance is a factor to be considered. An estimated gene flow of 0.9 migrants per generation corroborated to the pronounced divergence found among populations. Due to the negligible ˆf F ≅ IS value found, the variance effective size for each population is equivalent to its sampling number. In this case, management and conservation strategies aimed at preserving high intrapopulation genetic variation, will imply in the maintenance of large populations. In addition, due to the relatively large divergence detected among populations, the preservation of the species as a whole will also require the maintenance of many such populations. RESUMO -(Conservação genética de populações de Cryptocarya moschata Nees (Lauraceae) na Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo). Através da análise de 18 locos isoenzimáticos polimórficos, foram estimadas as freqüências alélicas referentes a 214 indiví-duos adultos de quatro populações naturais deCryptocarya moschata de duas regiões do estado de São Paulo. Com base nas heterozigosidades observadas e esperadas, foram obtidas estimativas das estatísticas F de Wright. Para fins de comparação, utilizou-se também o método da análise da variância para estimação dos parâmetros correspondentes F = F IT , θ P = F ST e f = F IS . Os dois métodos forneceram resultados bastante concordantes: F IT = 0,142; F ST = 0,140; F IS = 0,002 e F = 0,116; θ P = 0,123 e f = -0,008, indicando que os indivíduos dentro das populações devem ser panmíticos e que a diversidade entre populações é bastante alta, sendo similar à que se espera para famílias com estruturação de meios-irmãos. Calculando θ P com as populações tomadas duas a duas, notou-se tendência de θ P crescer com a distância geográfica o que sugere tendência de isolamento pela distância. O fluxo gênico foi estimado em 0,9 indivíduos por geração, o que corrobora a pronunci...

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“…But different variants of this trait may also segregate in the population. To take this case into account, we also evaluate F ij under the situation where k cultural variants of the focal trait segregate in the population (as per Crow & Aoki 1984;Enquist et al 2010), in which case the cultural state probabilities (r, q ij , f ij ) are evaluated for a focal variant of the focal trait. Here, we assume that an individual inheriting the focal cultural trait during stage 2 of the life cycle actually inherits the variant of its cultural parent.…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If p s is interpreted as the coalescence probability of pairs of genes, this equation is equivalent to the standard F ST value for haploid individuals in the island model of dispersal under the k allele model of mutation (e.g. Crow & Aoki 1984;Rousset 2004). If n ¼ m the population structure predicted by equation (7) becomes equivalent to that predicted by equation (4) with b ¼ 1 as k becomes large (k/N).…”

Section: Cultural Inheritance From Both Sexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of innovation and sex-specific migration on neutral cultural differentiation

Yeaman¹,

Bshary²,

Lehmann³

2011

Animal Behaviour

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Keywords cultural trait population structure sex-biased migration sex-biased social learning Studies of behaviour are increasingly focusing on acquisition of traits through cultural inheritance. Comparison of patterns of spatial population structure (F ST ) between neutral genetic loci and behavioural or cultural traits can been used to test hypotheses about demography, life history, and the mechanisms of inheritance/transmission of these traits in humans, chimpanzees and other animals. Here, we develop analytical expectations to show how F ST in cultural traits can differ strongly from that measured at neutral genetic markers if migration is largely restricted to one sex but social learning is predominantly modelled on the other (e.g. males migrate, females serve as models for cultural traits), if one individual is the learning model for many, or if rates of innovation (individual learning) are high or rates of social learning are low. We discuss how comparisons of F ST between genetic loci and behavioural traits can be applied to evaluate the importance of innovation in shaping patterns of cultural differentiation, as even low rates of innovation can considerably reduce F ST , relative to observed structure at neutral genetic loci. Our results also suggest that differentiation in neutral cultural traits should occur over much smaller scales in species with male migration and female enculturation (or the reverse).

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Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: estimating the degree of population subdivision.

Cited by 548 publications

References 20 publications

Ecological and Historical Associations of Gene Flow in Darters (Teleostei: Percidae)

Ecological and Historical Associations of Gene Flow in Darters (Teleostei: Percidae)

Conservação genética de populações de Cryptocarya moschata Nees (Lauraceae) na Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo

The effect of innovation and sex-specific migration on neutral cultural differentiation

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