Group-living decrease predation risk of individual: Evidence from behavior, hormones and reproduction of plateau pika

Abstract

Extensive research confirms that abiotic stressors like predation risk can profoundly affect animal condition. However, there is a lack of experimental research assessing the suite of physiological responses to risk. We increased predation risk in free-living plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) by simulating natural chases using a model predator (UAV: unmanned aerial vehicle) and monitored behavior, physiology, and reproduction of pikas. We found that: Predation risk affects the body weight of plateau pika under different population density stress, but the effect is not significant. Compared with the non-predation risk treatment (control), the plateau pika under high population density stress mainly responded to the risk of predation by reducing the foraging time and increasing the vigilance time, while plateau pikas under low population density pressure not only reduce foraging time and appropriately increase vigilance time, but also focus on increasing the concealing time in the burrows. The corticosterone (CORT), cortisol and thyroid (T4) level of plateau pika with low population density under the predation risk was significantly higher than those in the control, and the testosterone (T), progesterone (PROG), leptin (LEP) and testicular weight of plateau pika with low population density in the predation risk was significantly lower than those in the control. There was no difference in the litter size of female pika between predation risk treatments and control. Broadly, our result show that predation risk had significant effects on the behavior, physiology and reproduction of plateau pikas with low population density, but had no significant effect with high population density, and the response of male plateau pika to predation risk was greater than that of female. Therefore, the prevention of plateau pika should focus on the control of population density and the protection of predators, so as to avoid the failure of ecological prevention methods such as natural enemies due to the increase of population density.

Daily and Seasonal Activity Patterns of Plateau Pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, and Their Relationship with Weather Condition

“…We speculate that the high activity levels of plateau pikas in March and June are related to their breeding patterns, and that the high activity levels in August and September are probably related to the storage of food for overwintering. In our study area, the breeding period of plateau pikas is from March to June [55]. Like most lagomorphs, to ensure that energy demands are satisfied during the breeding period, plateau pikas obtain energy by prolonging their time on the ground [56].…”