Group-Derived Restraints and Audience Persuasion

Schachter, Stanley; Hall, Robert

doi:10.1177/001872675200500405

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Although no model was physically present, a list containing "prior donations" supplied information about the behavior of the reference group. Schachter and Hall (1952) examined the effect of group influence on volunteering behavior. Students who observed half of a class appear to volunteer (low restraint) were more likely to sign up for an experiment than those in high restraint conditions.…”

Section: Modeling As a Function Of Information About The Appropriatenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature.

Krebs¹

1970

Psychological Bulletin

593

286

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Literature relating to altruism is reviewed. It is suggested that the study of altruism is important at three levels: as it relates to the main goal of socialization, to a core attribute of personality, and to theories concerned with human nature. The concept of altruism is examined. Independent variables associated with altruism are organized in a 2 X 4 framework on the basis of the source of experimental measurement and level of generality. Characteristics of the benefactor and characteristics of the recipient are categorized as state variables, trait variables, social roles and demographic attributes, and characteristics influenced by social norms. Research at each level is critically reviewed. Positive and negative affective states, and states induced by the observation of models are found to influence the altruism of benefactors; and dependency and interpersonal attractiveness are found to influence the altruism-eliciting capacity of recipients. Research relevant to personality traits is criticized. Effects are found for sex, age, ordinal position, social class, and nationality in relation to benefactors, and for friendship status, ingroup affiliation, and social class in relation to recipients. The normative level of analysis is criticized.

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Section: Modeling As a Function Of Information About The Appropriatenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature.

Krebs¹

1970

Psychological Bulletin

593

286

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“…Some behaviors that have been thus faciltiated include volunteering one's services (Rosenbaum, 1956;Schacter & Hall, 1952), performing altruistic acts (Blake, Rosenbaum & Duryea, 1955;Bryan & Test, 1967;Harris, 1968), pledging oneself to a course of social action (Blake, Mouton & Hain, 1956;Helson, Blake, Mouton, & Olmstead, 1956), assisting persons in distress (Bryan & Test, 1967), seeking relevant information (Krumboltz & Thoresen, 1964), and selecting certain types of foods (Duncker, 1938), activities (Madsen, 1968), or articles (Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1963b). …”

Section: A General Overview Of Modeling Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of State and Trait Anxiety and Prestige of Model on Imitation

et al. 1983

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This study investigated the effects of state and trait anxiety on subjects' imitation of prestigious models. Female undergraduates were administered the Trait-anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and were then subjected either to anxiety inductions or relaxation procedures to manipulate state-anxiety levels. Four groups of 30 subjects each were obtained: high trait-high state, low trait-low state, high trait-low state, and low trait-high state. Subjects were then exposed to either a model of high prestige, one of low prestige, or a no-model condition. A visual fixation measure was taken to determine the amount of time subjects actually spent observing the model. A significant correlation was found between time spent observing the model and time taken to complete the maze. Subjects observing the model of high prestige tended to imitate the model's response style more than subjects observing one low in prestige. Highly trait-anxious subjects imitated more than low trait-anxious subjects when exposed to the model high in prestige. Since this study used only females, inferences to males should be made cautiously.

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“…A similar difference in percentage response in public and private conditions was found when the percentage response was reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the non-volunteering situation and when the percentage response was increased by lessening the attractiveness of the nonvolunteering situation. Schachter & Hall (1952) also studied public versus private conditions of response on volunteering. They found a marked difference in response percentage between the public (19 per cent response) and private (59 per cent response) conditions.…”

Section: (Ii) Public Vs Private Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this qualification to the use of the word ' restraint ', Schachter & Hall (1952) have suggested that: (a) though lower restraint conditions produce higher percentage willingness response, it is the willing subjects from the higher restraint conditions who are most likely to participate in experimentation, and (b) who may tend to bring to the experimental situation the more potent sources of distortion from volunteer bias. Unfortunately, none of the studies of public versus private response conditions examined for personality differences between willing volunteers and participating volunteers.…”

Section: (Ii) Public Vs Private Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Personality Characteristics of Volunteers for Psychological Studies

Bell

1962

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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The problem of volunteer bias is seen in terms of the unrepresentativeness or atypicality of the subjects who participate in psychological studies. Findings from investigations of the personality characteristics of volunteers are examined under the headings of: (i) unconventionality, (ii) adjustment, (iii) anxiety, (iv) social extraversion, and (v) need achievement. The percentage volunteering response in the invitation situation may be raised or lowered by incentive or restraint factors. The mean percentage volunteering response in the studies reviewed was 37 per cent. Though studies relating volunteer characteristics specifically to particular distortions in experimental data are few, emphasis has frequently been placed on the potential danger of bias from volunteer subjects. A distinction may possibly be made between volunteering as an expressed willingness to participate, and volunteering as actual participation in the experimental situation. Most volunteer bias studies have, in fact, centred on expressed‐willingness volunteering. It is not yet possible to provide adequate experimental controls based on the prediction of direction and magnitude of sources of volunteer bias in specific laboratory studies.

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Group-Derived Restraints and Audience Persuasion

Cited by 36 publications

References 2 publications

Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature.

Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature.

Effect of State and Trait Anxiety and Prestige of Model on Imitation

Personality Characteristics of Volunteers for Psychological Studies

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