Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia

Abstract

As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.

Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Considerations for the Future

“…Most importantly, PGD 2 directly stimulates cytokine release from these cells. [86][87][88] These antagonists are undergoing clinical development in asthma; however, they have yet to be evaluated in AERD. 85 …”

Eosinophil Production of PGD2 in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease

“…On epithelium, PGD 2 acts to alter their differentiation 35 . Perhaps the most important potential impact of PGD 2 in allergic inflammation is through its ability to recruit, activate, and promote cytokine secretion from both Th2-like lymphocytes and type 2 innate lymphoid cells 8,910,11 .…”

“…However, not all patients with AERD can be desensitized, and this group that fails desensitization is distinguished by their constitutive overproduction and aspirin-stimulated release of PGD 2 that correlates with the severity of airflow obstruction 6 . In addition to defining a more severe subgroup that fails aspirin desensitization, PGD 2 likely contributes to the severity through its myriad of biological activities that includes inducing vasodilation and vascular leakage, bronchoconstriction, and the recruitment and activation of basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and both Th2-like lymphocytes and type 2 innate lymphoid cells [8][9][10][11] .…”

Emerging roles of innate lymphoid cells in inflammatory diseases: Clinical implications

“…• Group 2 ILCs in mucosal biopsies from patients with CRS correlated with tissue and blood eosinophilia and the presence of nasal polyps 28 and negatively correlated with the number of previous sinus surgeries. 31 • In aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, nasal ILC2 numbers correlate positively and blood ILC2 numbers negatively with maximum symptom scores.…”