Groundwater ubiquity score: A simple method for assessing pesticide leachability

Gustafson, David I.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620080411

Cited by 666 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Endosulfan has been reported as having a low pollution likelihood [36], but other factors such as soil characteristics, shallow water tables and intensive spraying [24,32,37], could explain its relatively frequent detection in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa

et al. 2003

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BackgroundIn South Africa there is little data on environmental pollution of rural water sources by agrochemicals.MethodsThis study investigated pesticide contamination of ground and surface water in three intensive agricultural areas in the Western Cape: the Hex River Valley, Grabouw and Piketberg. Monitoring for endosulfan and chlorpyrifos at low levels was conducted as well as screening for other pesticides.ResultsThe quantification limit for endosulfan was 0.1 μg/L. Endosulfan was found to be widespread in ground water, surface water and drinking water. The contamination was mostly at low levels, but regularly exceeded the European Drinking Water Standard of 0.1 μg/L. The two most contaminated sites were a sub-surface drain in the Hex River Valley and a dam in Grabouw, with 0.83 ± 1.0 μg/L (n = 21) and 3.16 ± 3.5 μg/L (n = 13) average endosulfan levels respectively. Other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, fenarimol, iprodione, deltamethrin, penconazole and prothiofos were detected. Endosulfan was most frequently detected in Grabouw (69%) followed by Hex River (46%) and Piketberg (39%). Detections were more frequent in surface water (47%) than in groundwater (32%) and coincided with irrigation, and to a lesser extent, to spraying and trigger rains. Total dietary endosulfan intake calculated from levels found in drinking water did not exceed the Joint WHO/FAO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) criteria.ConclusionThe study has shown the need for monitoring of pesticide contamination in surface and groundwater, and the development of drinking water quality standards for specific pesticides in South Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa

et al. 2003

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“…Felsot found that imidacloprid applied via drip chemigation leached significantly below the emitter depth [34]. The Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) [35] of imidacloprid as calculated from the sorption coefficient (K oc ) and the soil halftime (DT 50 ) amounts to 3.76, indicating a high leaching potential [36]. However, the leaching process is highly variable across different soil types and pesticide formulations [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macro-Invertebrate Decline in Surface Water Polluted with Imidacloprid

2013

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Imidacloprid is one of the most widely used insecticides in the world. Its concentration in surface water exceeds the water quality norms in many parts of the Netherlands. Several studies have demonstrated harmful effects of this neonicotinoid to a wide range of non-target species. Therefore we expected that surface water pollution with imidacloprid would negatively impact aquatic ecosystems. Availability of extensive monitoring data on the abundance of aquatic macro-invertebrate species, and on imidacloprid concentrations in surface water in the Netherlands enabled us to test this hypothesis. Our regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship (P<0.001) between macro-invertebrate abundance and imidacloprid concentration for all species pooled. A significant negative relationship was also found for the orders Amphipoda, Basommatophora, Diptera, Ephemeroptera and Isopoda, and for several species separately. The order Odonata had a negative relationship very close to the significance threshold of 0.05 (P = 0.051). However, in accordance with previous research, a positive relationship was found for the order Actinedida. We used the monitoring field data to test whether the existing three water quality norms for imidacloprid in the Netherlands are protective in real conditions. Our data show that macrofauna abundance drops sharply between 13 and 67 ng l−1. For aquatic ecosystem protection, two of the norms are not protective at all while the strictest norm of 13 ng l−1 (MTR) seems somewhat protective. In addition to the existing experimental evidence on the negative effects of imidacloprid on invertebrate life, our study, based on data from large-scale field monitoring during multiple years, shows that serious concern about the far-reaching consequences of the abundant use of imidacloprid for aquatic ecosystems is justified.

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“…GUS reflects the susceptibility of a substance to leaching and potential to contaminate groundwater. This index is computed as follows (Gustafson, 1989):…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact assessment of chemical plant protection in intensive crop production

Holka¹

2017

JCEA

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The study aimed to assess the environmental impact of chemical plant protection on the environment in an intensive crop production. This was conducted in a large-scale farm, located in the Wielkopolska voivodeship (Poland), in the years 2010-2013. The greatest number of chemical plant protection treatments were carried out for root crops and the lowest number for annual fodder crops (approximately 4 and 2 treatments, respectively). On average, there were carried out 3 chemical protection treatments for one plant species. The largest quantities of active substances were used in protection of root crops (5.72 kg·ha -1 ), followed by annual fodder crops (2.97 kg·ha -1 ), and smaller ones in oilseed crops (2.63 kg·ha -1 ) and cereals (2.44 kg·ha -1 ). The average consumption of active substances was 2.68 kg·ha -1 . The most consumed were herbicides and fungicides. The average value of the multi-criteria index of the impact of plant protection on the environment amounted to -63.9 points. The lowest value of the index, indicating the most negative impact, was found for protection of root crops (-135.3 points), followed by annual fodder crops (-100 points). While the highest index value, resulting from smaller use of toxic substances, had oilseed crops (-54 points) and cereals (-62.4 points). The environmental impact of chemical plant protection was mainly related to a high risk of volatilisation into the atmosphere, followed by leakage into groundwater and a risk of surface water contamination. The threat of bioaccumulation of substances in living organisms was smaller.Keywords: environmental impact, intensive crop production, plant protection products, potential toxicity index Abstrakt Badania miały na celu ocenę oddziaływania chemicznej ochrony roślin na środowisko w intensywnej produkcji roślinnej. Przeprowadzono je w 529

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Groundwater ubiquity score: A simple method for assessing pesticide leachability

Cited by 666 publications

References 10 publications

Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa

Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa

Macro-Invertebrate Decline in Surface Water Polluted with Imidacloprid

Environmental impact assessment of chemical plant protection in intensive crop production

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