Groundwater Status and Challenges in Bangladesh

Status of Groundwater Aquifers, Water Quality, Sources of Contamination, and Future Challenges in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review

“…by lithological or anthropogenic activities. Earlier numbers of research focused that Bangladesh's groundwater carries an excess of Ca, Mg, and Fe which are not toxic metals, but excessive amounts are very harmful to the human body (Islam and Majumder, 2020;Islam and Mostafa 2021a, 2021b, 2021c, 2021d. In the country, there are 37,258 million tone pesticides and 2.32 billion kg of chemical fertilizer used in the agricultural field annually (Faruq, 2018).…”

“…The groundwater of southern districts (coastal area) such as Satkhira, Bagerhat, Gopalganj, Barisal, Chandpur, Khulna, Borguna, etc. is not appropriate for drinking purposes without any proper desalinization (Islam and Mostafa, 2021a). Potassium (K + ) is normally found as halides, sulfate, and bicarbonate in groundwater, and its concentration is found less than other major cations in water.…”

“…As stated by BDWS and WHO, the normal values for Mg 2+ in drinking water should be 18 and 30 mg/L, respectively. Numerous investigations exhibited that the maximum groundwater samples in Bangladesh contain an excess level of Mg 2+ with a range from 32.9 to 155 mg/L; mainly in Chandpur, Monshiganj, Faridpur, Comilla, Pabna, Manikganj, Lakhimpur, Chuadanga, Barisal, Gopalgang, Borguna, Khulna, and Rajshahi district (Islam and Mostafa, 2021a).…”

“…Bangladesh, the most densely populated and developing country, recently faced severe water pollution, crisis, and security (BBS, 2021). In this country, 75% of people who do not have access to piped water systems depend on hand tube-wells and 96% of rural individuals completely rely on raw groundwater for household uses (Islam and Mostafa, 2021a). Although 96% of the total inhabitants have access to fresh water, the cleanliness of water is always doubtful in this country (MICS-B, 2018).…”

Comparison of classical and developed indexing methods for assessing the groundwater suitability for irrigation

“…Some studies assumed that the groundwater of this area degraded day by day and degradation typically occurs due to regular geochemical variation, excess water exploitation, massive arsenic contamination, the interface of the groundwater with saltwater and agrochemicals deposition on the soil (Islam & Mostafa, 2021a; Mondal et al, 2010; Zahid, 2015). IWQ was measured enormously in the coastal areas where salinity is a serious problem (Ahmed et al, 2018; Islam & Mostafa, 2021b; Islam et al, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d; Mirza et al, 2012). But the upper Ganges River basin area, the calcium‐hardness, and excess trace metal loading in groundwater are the main quality issues (Islam & Mostafa, 2021c).…”