Groundwater Quality Studies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Prevalent Research and Management Dimensions

Mallick, Javed; Singh, Chander Kumar; Mesfer, Mohammed K. Al; Singh, Vijay P.; Alsubih, Majed

doi:10.3390/w13091266

Cited by 51 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…In the same context, the quality of groundwater in the region is affected by various types of pollutants because of nonsustainable farming practices. Such pollutants include the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil as a result of the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, salinity as a result of the excessive use of groundwater in irrigation, and the use of untreated wastewater in irrigation [43,56].…”

Section: Description Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Sustainable Water Management Practices among Farmers in Saudi Arabia

Alotaibi

Kassem

2021

Sustainability

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Promoting sustainable water management (SWM) practices among farmers is essential in order to ensure water sustainability. This study aimed to analyze patterns in the adoption of SWM practices by farmers at the farm level, and how their awareness regarding the causes of agricultural water pollution influence SWM adoption. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect field data using structured questionnaires from 129 farmers in the Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that 38.8% of farmers had a high awareness of the causes of water pollution from agriculture. Approximately half of the farmers exhibited a high rate of adoption of SWM practices, most of whom adopted water quality and soil management practices. The findings reveal a positive association (0.37, p < 0.01) between SWM adoption and awareness regarding water pollution caused by agriculture, whereby the farmers with more awareness regarding the causes of water pollution from agriculture showed a higher level of adoption for 55% of the SWM practices. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the awareness levels regarding the causes of agricultural water pollution and cultivated crops significantly influenced the adoption of SWM by farmers. The findings and implications provide an understanding of the SWM practices of farmers, and offers insights for policymakers aiming to reformulate strategies and policies combatting water scarcity in Saudi Arabia.

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Section: Description Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of Sustainable Water Management Practices among Farmers in Saudi Arabia

Alotaibi

Kassem

2021

Sustainability

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“…For instance, nitrate, fluoride, and arsenic were frequently recorded as the main contributors to groundwater contamination worldwide (Zhang Q. et al, 2020;Adimalla 2021;Natasha et al, 2021;Mwiathi et al, 2022). Research work has been conducted in the past, concerning groundwater quality and its hydrochemistry worldwide (Huang et al, 2018a; van Geen et al, 2019;Kumar and Singh 2020;Mallick et al, 2021a;Mallick et al, 2021b;Dashora et al, 2022;Khattak et al, 2022). Thus, it is very crucial to investigate and monitor the groundwater quality and detail hydrochemistry, to protect the health of the exposed local population, especially in highly contaminated areas of Sindh, Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Characterization, and Suitability Assessment of Drinking Groundwater: Application of Geostatistical Approach and Geographic Information System

Ghani

Ullah

Nawab

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater sources is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, we collected a total of (n = 81) drinking groundwater samples from various groundwater sources, from two districts’ namely Ghotki (n = 44) and Nawab Shah (n = 37) of Sindh, Province, Pakistan. The current research aimed to investigate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater with elevated arsenic (As), its effect on the health of local population living in the study area, potential sources of groundwater variables, and the suitability of groundwater for ingestion motive. The results showed that groundwater sample variables of both districts had moderate to high concentration levels. The cations concentrations were observed in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca+ > Mg+ > K+, for both districts, while anions abundance was HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > F− > NO3− in the Ghotki, and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F− in the Nawab Shah, respectively. Arsenic (As) had low to high concentration levels in both districts, observed with average values of 10.1 μg/L and 21.0 μg/L in the Ghotki and Nawab Shah, respectively. The water type was mixed CaMgCl type in both districts, while the groundwater sources were saturated for CO3 minerals indicated by the saturation indices results. Principal component analysis showed the geogenic source of ion exchange, dissolution of minerals, weathering of host rocks and anthropogenic input of industrial activities, agricultural practices and domestic waste for groundwater contamination. The water quality index (WQI) exhibits that majority of groundwater samples (73.6% of Ghotki and 65.7% of Nawab Shah) were suitable for drinking. The non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of As were (>1) in groundwater samples of the Ghotki and Nawab Shah, while a high mean HQ value (8.78 × 100) was recorded for children in Nawab Shah. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values of As were significantly higher than the maximum threshold CR value (1 × 10–4). This study emphasized that monitoring strategies are substantially needed to mitigate the As contamination to reduce the potential health risk.

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“…Groundwater is the main source of water used for drinking, agriculture, industrial, and domestic uses (Delgado et al 2010;Li et al 2013; El Maghraby 2015; Singh et al 2020;Mallick et al 2021). The quality and quantity of groundwater, which is an important natural resource must be evaluated and monitored to ensure access to water of good quality especially in areas with urban development (Khan et al 2020; Alghamdi et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, Saudi Arabia is one of the driest regions with scarce water resources and is considered to be the largest country on the planet without perennial streams or lakes (Al- Harbi et al 2009;Mallick et al 2021). Groundwater is a valuable source of water in Saudi Arabia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality assessment in Harrat Khaybar, western Saudi Arabia

Alshehri

El‐Sorogy

2022

Preprint

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Evaluating the suitability of groundwater for human use is essential for water supply and health in arid and semi-arid regions. In this work, a total of 68 groundwater samples were collected from Harrat Khaybar, western Saudi Arabia to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes and to document the controlling mechanisms using pollution indices and multivariate statistical methods. The results showed that the average values of the ions Cl–, SO42–, HCO3–, NO3–, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were greater than the permissible limit for drinking water while the average values of heavy metals (HMs) were less than the permissible limit, with exceeding limits of Cr, Se, As, Zn, and Pb in some individual samples. Piper diagram indicated that 47.10% of the water samples are of Na-K-SO4-Cl type, 23.51% of Ca-Mg-CO3-HCO3 type, 23.51% of Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl type, and 5.88% of Na-K-CO3-HCO3 type. Based on the groundwater quality index (GWQI), 29 of the groundwater samples were categorized as excellent and good water for drinking purposes, while 29 samples fell under poor, very poor water, and unsuitable for drinking. Additionally, results of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) indicated that all water samples fell within the low pollution category, while the metal index (MI) results indicated that 35 samples fell within very pure, pure, and slightly affected categories, while 33 samples fell in the moderately, strongly, and seriously affected categories. Results of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and magnesium ratio (MR) revealed that 33.82–98.5 % of the water samples are suitable for irrigation depending on the parameter type. Ions exchange reactions and dissolution of carbonates, evaporites, and silicates, as well as industrial and domestic effluents and intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides were the natural and athropogenic factors controlling the groundwater geochemistry in the study area and HM pollution in some wells.

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Groundwater Quality Studies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Prevalent Research and Management Dimensions

Cited by 51 publications

References 88 publications

Adoption of Sustainable Water Management Practices among Farmers in Saudi Arabia

Adoption of Sustainable Water Management Practices among Farmers in Saudi Arabia

Hydrogeochemical Characterization, and Suitability Assessment of Drinking Groundwater: Application of Geostatistical Approach and Geographic Information System

Groundwater quality assessment in Harrat Khaybar, western Saudi Arabia

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