“…In recent years, Water Quality Index (WQI) integrated with Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning, as many innovative techniques [ 18 ]. Deshpande et al [ 19 ], Goodarzi et al [ 20 ], Patel et al [ 21 ], Siriwardhana et al [ 22 ],Abba et al [ 23 ] and Xiong et al [ 24 ] assessed water, and groundwater quality in their various study areas, where their findings from WQI methods proved significant for water quality management, and it recommended the replication of these methods in different territories of the world.…”