Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal

Ndoye, Seyni; Fontaine, Claude; Gaye, C.B.; Razack, Moumtaz

doi:10.3390/w10121837

Cited by 38 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Such a high concentration of NO 2 − has also been described as responsible for the risk of methemoglobinemia in children, and toxic to humans as well as to animals [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The same result has been found in other studies [ 29 , 30 , 41 ]. Overall, the quantifications of NO 2 − , NO 3 − , SO 3 2− , SO 4 2− and turbidity can give a good idea of the microbial contamination of the water.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Bancessi

Catarino

Silva

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The lack of access to safe drinking water causes important health problems, mainly in developing countries. In the West African country Guinea-Bissau, waterborne diseases are recognised by WHO as major infectious diseases. This study analysed the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of drinking water in the capital Bissau and its surroundings. Twenty-two sites belonging to different water sources (piped water, tubewells and shallow wells) were surveyed twice a day for three weeks, in both dry and wet seasons. Most of the microbiological parameters were out of the acceptable ranges in all types of water and both seasons and tended to worsen in the wet season. Moreover, in Bissau, the levels of faecal contamination in piped water increased from the holes to the consumer (tap/fountain). Several physicochemical variables showed values out of the internationally accepted ranges. Both well sources showed low-pH water (4.87–5.59), with high nitrite and iron levels in the wet season and high hexavalent chromium concentration in the dry season. The residual chlorine never reached the minimum recommended level in any of the water sources or seasons, suggesting a high risk of contamination. Results reveal a lack of quality in the three water sources analysed, coherent with the high number of diarrheal cases in the country. There is an urgent need to improve sanitarian conditions to reduce the disease burden caused by these waterborne illnesses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Bancessi

Catarino

Silva

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Many methods such as multivariate statistical techniques (e.g., cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and factor analysis) [13,14], hydro-geochemical evaluation [15,16], heavy metal indices (e.g., heavy metal pollution index, degree of contamination, heavy metal evaluation index, contamination factor, and health risk assessment) [17][18][19], and water evaluation indices [13] have been developed for assessing water quality considering physicochemical parameters. Grading water quality indicators largely depends on indicator concentration and the rate of relative toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Heavy Metal Content and Modified Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in a Semiarid Area

Maskooni

Naseri-Rad

Berndtsson

et al. 2020

Water

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Groundwater is a major source of drinking and agricultural water supply in arid and semiarid regions. Poor groundwater quality can be a threat to human health especially when it is combined with hazardous pollutants like heavy metals. In this study, an innovative method involving entropy weighted groundwater quality index for both physicochemical and heavy metal content was used for a semiarid region. The entropy weighted index was used to assess the groundwater’s suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Thus, groundwater from 19 sampling sites was used for analyses of physicochemical properties (electrical conductivity—EC, pH, K+, Ca2+, Na+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, TDS, NO3−, F−, biochemical oxygen demand—BOD, dissolved oxygen—DO, and chemical oxygen demand—COD) and heavy metal content (As, Ca, Sb, Se, Zn, Cu, Ba, Mn, and Cr). To evaluate the overall pollution status in the region, heavy metal indices such as the modified heavy metal pollution index (m-HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), Nemerow index (NeI), and ecological risks of heavy metals (ERI) were calculated and compared. The results showed that Cd concentration plays a significant role in negatively affecting the groundwater quality. Thus, three wells were classified as poor water quality and not acceptable for drinking water supply. The maximum concentration of heavy metals such as Cd, Se, and Sb was higher than permissible limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, all wells except one were suitable for agricultural purposes. The advantage of the innovative entropy weighted groundwater quality index for both physicochemical and heavy metal content, is that it permits objectivity when selecting the weights and reduces the error that may be caused by subjectivity. Thus, the new index can be used by groundwater managers and policymakers to better decide the water’s suitability for consumption.

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“…Generally, Na + can replace Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ if there is an excess salinity of irrigation water. The displacement reduces the permeability of soil and thus limits the flow of air and water [42]. Sodium percentage (Na%) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (Equations (1) and (2)) were applied to evaluate the suitability of surface water for irrigation [43,44].…”

Section: Data Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau

Wang

Zhao

Chen

et al. 2019

Water

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The chemical composition of river water collected from the main stream of the Naqu and its tributaries was analyzed to reveal its hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality for irrigation purposes. Based on 39 samples, the results revealed mildly alkaline pH values and total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranging from 115 to 676 mg/L, averaging 271 mg/L. Major ion concentrations based on mean values (mg/L) were in the order of Ca 2+ > Na + > Mg 2+ > K + for cations and HCO − 3 > SO 2− 4 > Cl − > CO 2− 3 for anions. Most hydrochemical types were of the Ca-HCO 3 (~74.36%) type. Cluster analysis (CA) suggested that the hydrochemical characteristics upstream of the main stream of the Naqu were obviously different from those from the middle and downstream of the main stream and its tributaries. The analysis shows that the Sangqu, Basuoqu, Mumuqu, Zongqingqu, Mugequ basin tributary, and the Gongqu basin tributary were mainly affected by carbonate weathering. Carbonate and silicate weathering commonly controlled the hydrochemistry upstream and downstream of the main Naqu, Chengqu, and Mugequ streams. The middle of the main stream of the Naqu was mainly affected by silicate weathering, and anhydrite/gypsum dissolution mainly affected the hydrochemistry of the main Gongqu stream. The quality of water samples was suitable for irrigation purposes, except for one sample from the main stream of the Mugequ.

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Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal

Cited by 38 publications

References 40 publications

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

Use of Heavy Metal Content and Modified Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in a Semiarid Area

Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau

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