Groundwater Management for Sustainable Underground Subway Development in Manhattan, New York City

Metro systems and urban development: Impacts and implications

“…Metro development in Sapporo, Japan led to major ecosystem changes of agricultural fallow/ marshy areas into other urban uses: orchards/vegetable farms (greater than 95%), marshes (90%), open spaces (60%) and forested areas (30%) were lost and changed to transport, residential, recreational and other urban uses (Jothimani and Yamamura, 1995). Metro development and operation also impact on ground vibration (Qu et al, 2021), groundwater (Chae et al, 2008;Ho, 2016), noise (Wang et al, 2017), and excavated soil and rock (Zhang et al, 2020). Due to the nature of these studies in the areas of engineering and construction technology, the details of these studies are not discussed here.…”

Simple Method to Predict Ground Displacements Caused by Installing Horizontal Jet-Grouting Columns

“…Shen et al [4] reported on a field test located near the Huangpu River in the Pudong New Development Area, China. In this field test, the single fluid system was used for horizontal jet grouting, where the metro tunnel stating shaft was protected by the excavation (Wu et al, 2015c;2016;2017a, b) [19,47,48]. Figure 8 shows the geotechnical profile and soil properties for this case history.…”

“…(4) The ground displacements caused by installing a row of horizontal jet-grouting columns would be identical to the summation of the effects of each jet-grouting column installation and can be calculated using (15).…”

“…Jet grouting has been deemed as one of the most widely used ground improvement techniques for strengthening soft soil deposits and preventing groundwater seepage from leaking fractures or fissures [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Jet grouting is frequently used for the launching of shield machines or tunnel construction in complex geological conditions.…”

Evaluation of Ground Displacements Caused by Installing Jet Grouted Columns Using Machine Learning Methods

“…Jet grouting is invented based on the combination of hydraulic mining technology and grouting technique and has become one of the most popular ground improvement techniques in different construction fields for preventing geohazards in worldwide area [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Jet grouting is generally adopted to strengthen soft soil, such as ground improvement during deep excavations and tunnel construction [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and reinforcement of embankment foundation [28][29][30][31][32]. Considering the types of fluids jetted from the nozzles, jet grouting systems can be divided into three categories [33][34][35]: (i) single fluid system (injection of high pressurized grout), (ii) double fluid systems (injection of high pressurized grout and compressed air), and (iii) triple fluid systems (injection of high pressurized water, compressed air, and low pressurized grout).…”