Groundwater for Human Consumption in Karst Environment: Vulnerability, Protection, and Management

Jiménez-Madrid, A.; Gogu, Radu Constantin; Martínez-Navarrete, Carlos; Carrasco, Francisco

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77368-1_2

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Humans depend mainly on groundwater for both drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes [ 1 , 2 ]. It is, therefore, necessary to perfectly understand the geochemical processes that regulate the chemical composition of groundwater as it will improve the understanding of the hydro chemical systems in different regions around the world [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios

Shiri

Yaseen‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Groundwater is one of the most important freshwater resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where the annual amounts of precipitation are small with frequent drought durations. Information on qualitative parameters of these valuable resources is very crucial as it might affect its applicability from agricultural, drinking, and industrial aspects. Although geo-statistics methods can provide insight about spatial distribution of quality factors, applications of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models can contribute to produce more accurate results as robust alternative for such a complex geo-science problem. The present research investigates the capacity of several types of AI models for modeling four key water quality variables namely electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solid (TDS) and Sulfate (SO4) using dataset obtained from 90 wells in Tabriz Plain, Iran; assessed by k-fold testing. Two different modeling scenarios were established to make simulations using other quality parameters and the geographical information. The obtained results confirmed the capabilities of the AI models for modeling the well groundwater quality variables. Among all the applied AI models, the developed hybrid support vector machine-firefly algorithm (SVM-FFA) model achieved the best predictability performance for both investigated scenarios. The introduced computer aid methodology provided a reliable technology for groundwater monitoring and assessment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios

Shiri

Yaseen‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…When the pH of water is 8.5, the proportions of Pb complexes are typically 88% PbOH + , 10% PbCO 3 , and 2% (PbCl + + PbSO 4 ) [41]. OH − and CO 3 2− can form ion pairs with Ca 2+ , but this mainly occurs in strongly alkaline solutions (pH > 9.5). The pH of karst water used in our experiments was 7.25 and pH varied between 8.27 and 8.60 as the Ca 2+ concentration increased.…”

Section: Elemental Biogeochemical Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, karst water is characteristically rich in HCO 3 -Ca due to the dissolution of carbonate rocks [2]. Moreover, due to its unique hydrologic double-layer structure (i.e., surface and underground water), karst water is easily polluted but difficult to treat once it has been contaminated by heavy metals [3]. Heavy metal pollution in karst water has become an urgent, worldwide problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects and Mechanisms of Calcium Ion Addition on Lead Removal from Water by Eichhornia crassipes

Zhou

Jiang

Qin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Karst water is rich in calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) and exhibits poor metal availability and low biodegradation efficiency. This study sought to analyze the effects and mechanisms of Ca 2+ on lead (Pb) removal and absorption by Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant common in karst areas). Moreover, the morphology and functional groups of E. crassipes in water were characterized via SEM, and FTIR. The results demonstrated that the removal rate of Pb in karst water (85.31%) was higher than that in non-karst water (77.04%); however, the Pb bioconcentration amount (BCA) in E. crassipes roots in karst water (1763 mg/kg) was lower than that in non-karst water (2143 mg/kg). With increased Ca 2+ concentrations (60, 80, and 100 mg/L) in karst water, the Pb removal rate increased (85.31%, 88.87%, and 92.44%), the Pb BCA decreased (1763, 1317, and 1095 mg/kg), and the Ca BCA increased (6801, 6955, and 9368 mg/kg), which was attributed to PbCO 3 and PbSO 4 precipitation and competitive Ca and Pb absorption. High Ca 2+ concentrations increased the strength of cation exchange, alleviated the fracture degree of fibrous roots, reduced the atrophy of vascular bundles, protected the cell wall, promoted C-O combined with Pb, enhanced the strength of O-H, SO 4 2− , C=O, and reduced the oxidization of alkynyl acetylene bonds.industrial wastewater discharged by the lead smelting industry. Pb remains and accumulates in the food chain after entering the environment, which causes serious toxicity to organisms. Moreover, Pb affects plant photosynthesis and transpiration capacity [5,6]; therefore, Pb remediation has become the focus of many studies worldwide. Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic floating plant that is widely distributed all over the world and occurs in large quantities in karst areas in China. E. crassipes has broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves and stems, which are important for photosynthesis, food production, gas exchange, and water transpiration [7]. This plant is known to adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions and even grows well in sewage water. Importantly, E. crassipes possesses a high heavy metal tolerance and uptake efficiency and has therefore become popular for water phytoremediation [8]. E. crassipes can reproduce quickly and absorb various pollutants [9]. Suryandari et al.[10] also demonstrated Pb removal efficiencies of up to 99.71% in E. crassipes harvested after nine days.Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for plants; it is an important regulator of plant growth and supports the structure and stability of cell walls, membranes, and membrane-binding proteins. Ca is also a second messenger that regulates the response of plants to environmental changes [11]. Moreover, certain Ca 2+ concentrations could promote growth and development, metabolism, cell structure, and adaptability to heavy metal stress [12][13][14]. Ca 2+ could also inhibit the transport of heavy metals from underground to aboveground plant structures [15]. Increased Ca 2+ concentrations could reduce heavy metal solubility [16] and allevia...

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“…Thin soil coverings, open recharge areas (dolines), shafts and shallow holes, and preferred ow paths in the epikarst and the vadose zone allow contaminants to easily reach groundwater and be transported promptly via karstic conduits and fractures over long distances (Zwahlen 2003; Tziritis and Lombardo 2017; Flores et al 2020). The karst aquifer properties and the lack of paucity hydrogeological studies contribute to the false perception that karst water is pollution-free (Duarte et al 2013;Jiménez-Madrid et al 2019), but, the conversion of native vegetation and expansion of urban areas threaten aquifers, rendering karst settings especially susceptible to pollution in comparison to other hydrogeological habitats (Foster et al 2002;Ravbar and Goldscheider 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Napo Karst Formation vulnerability in the Western Amazon River Basin

Naranjo

Moulatlet

Hirata

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Karst environments are susceptible to contamination and directly affected by anthropogenic pressures. Remediation efforts are expensive, time-consuming, and often impractical. Hence, vulnerability maps can be valuable tools for protecting and preventing the aquifer’s degradation. This study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of the Napo Karst Formation (NKF), in the western Amazon basin in Ecuador, using three vulnerability models: EPIK, DRASTIC, and DRASTIC-LUC. The difference between the three models lies in the parameters used and how each one of them address the vulnerability. Because assigning values to each parameter depends on the author's expertise and the available data, these models can produce varying outcomes, which we analyze using spatial and sensitivity analysis. Our results showed that DRASTIC and EPIK classified 45.76% and 35.38% of the NKF area as highly vulnerable, respectively, while DRASTIC-LUC classified most of the NKF areas under moderate vulnerability (57.47%). The sensitivity analysis determined that the depth to water table (D) and the infiltration conditions (I) were the most critical parameters for the vulnerability assessment. The moderate-to-high vulnerability of the NKF raises a warning, as the impacts on surface and groundwater may affect local populations that directly depend on its water. This is the first study that evaluates the vulnerability to the contamination of karst formation in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The results of this research can be used as a baseline for future research and as technical information for decision-makers to reduce the activities that could aggravate surface and groundwater quality in Western Amazonia.

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Groundwater for Human Consumption in Karst Environment: Vulnerability, Protection, and Management

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios

Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios

Effects and Mechanisms of Calcium Ion Addition on Lead Removal from Water by Eichhornia crassipes

Assessing the Napo Karst Formation vulnerability in the Western Amazon River Basin

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