Groundwater Extraction: Implications on Local Water Security of Peri-urban Area of Kathmandu Valley

Sada, Rajesh; Shrestha, Anushiya; Karki, Kshitij; Shukla, Ashutosh

doi:10.3126/njst.v14i1.8932

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In several studies [1,2,17,111,125,135], claims were made that link TWM directly to unsustainable water use. These were found to be case studies in (peri-)urban areas struggling with groundwater depletion: Goldman and Narayan [1] (p. 107), for example, attribute groundwater overexploitation in Bangalore, India, to private wells and a large and unregulated TWM, claiming "thousands of water tankers plying the city streets, collectively sucking dry the water aquifers [13]."…”

Section: Sustainable Withdrawalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Tanker Water Services Contribute to Sustainable Access to Water? A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Urban Areas

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tanker water markets (TWM) supply water services in many urban areas, including those unconnected to public infrastructures. Notwithstanding, they have been associated with outcomes in conflict with sustainability goals of water policy, e.g., through inequitable and unaffordable supply or by contributing to groundwater overexploitation. So far, the literature dedicated to TWM has primarily conducted case studies embedded in diverse local contexts, which impedes the comparison and transfer of insights. In this article, we systematically summarize existing empirical knowledge on TWM and assess to what extent normative claims about the impacts of TWM on sustainability goals are supported by evidence. We use the concept of sustainable access, which combines notions of what constitutes access to water and what characterizes sustainable supply of services. The available evidence suggests that TWM have two key functions in urban water systems: (1) They provide services at otherwise unavailable levels, particularly with respect to the temporal availability and spatial accessibility of the service, and (2) they extend access to areas without or with low-quality network supply, typically low-income communities on the fringe of cities. From the perspective of sustainable access, we find that TWM can provide high service levels and thus fill a specific gap in the landscape of urban water services. Due to comparatively high prices, however, it is unlikely that these services are affordable for all. The combination of heterogeneous access to cheaper (subsidized) piped water and marginal pricing in TWM results in allocation outcomes that are not coherent with existing notions of equitable access to water. However, there is little convincing evidence that TWM necessarily result in unsustainable water use. The literature indicates that urban water governance in the studied areas is frequently characterized by a lack of effective institutions, which impedes the regulation or formalization of TWM.

show abstract

Section: Sustainable Withdrawalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Tanker Water Services Contribute to Sustainable Access to Water? A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Urban Areas

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This process of urbanization and subsequent expansion of the built-up area has increased demand of household water use.In spite of Nepal having abundant water resources, water demand is ever increasing with increasing population. A study show that projected water demand for 2016 for Kathmandu Municipality was 195mld whereas water availability from all sources is 104.5 mld in wet season and 58mld during dry season (Sada et al, 2013). It is projected that by 2021, the water demand is expected to increase to 540.3 mld (Udmale, et al, 2016).This shows the big gap between production and demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 32% of water consumed within urban Kathmandu originates from non-government sources such as public well, stone spout and private well (Sada et al, 2013). Beside Surface water from Bagmati and Manohara rivers water supply authority was using 89 deep tubewells, 14 dug wells, Figure 3.…”

Section: Ground Wateravailability and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The contested common pool resource: Ground water use in urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Shrestha

2017

Geog. J. Nepal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Groundwater has always played a critical role in meeting the water demands of traditionally water-short areas of urban Kathmandu. Studies show that ground water level is depleting and is under immense pressure due to over-extraction.The current study focuses on existing situation of ground water availability and use in urban Kathmandu, conflicts among households for ground water use and changing social setting and policy implementation.The study found that the traditional culture of using public well and sharing and optimizing groundwater resource is gradually fading due to scarcity of water. Private deep wells are being constructed inside house for household use altering traditional social setting of a public well and culture of sharing public resource is declining. There is no authority and policy to control and monitor the ground water extraction for private use. The increasing number of groundwater extraction, uncontrolled and unregulated use for private and commercial use has contested the use of common pool resource and traditional social setting.

show abstract

“…Studies focusing on peri-urban issues in Kathmandu Valley have noted that major adverse impacts of changing land and water uses are degrading water resources, both in quantity and quality, and increasing water insecurity (see Sada et al, 2013;Sada et al, 2016). However, little is known about the processes underlying this changing water security.…”

Section: Researching "Peri-urban Water Conflicts" In Kathmandu Valleymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, while it is now well understood that peri-urban water problems grow in importance with ongoing urbanization, increasing competition for water and intensifying the potential for water conflicts, the dynamics of water-related conflicts and cooperation in peri-urban spaces remains underexplored, especially in Nepal. Although only a few studies have been undertaken on the peri-urban dynamics in Nepal, these have stressed that urbanization has resulted in rapid changes in land and water uses, thereby increasing exploitation of peri-urban water resources and water insecurity for a growing population (Sada et al, 2013;. These made important contributions to the analysis of periurban water issues in Kathmandu Valley.…”

Section: Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanizing flows : growing water insecurity in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Shrestha

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The codified and written law applicable to the whole kingdom of Nepal Nani :Term that refers to a younger sister Pani nacalne choi chito halnu parne : Untouchable castes Pani nachalne : Those with whom higher castes were not to share water (to drink or use water offered or touched by them Pani nachalne choi chito halnu naparne : Impure but touchable castes Raikar : It denoted the crown-land or state land until 1950. Since then raikar land denotes an individual's private land. Rajkulos : Royal canals Ropani : Unit of land measurement (1 hectare=19.65 ropani) Samasya : Problems xi Sarkis : Cobblers caste groups Sim : Groundwater spring Tagadhari : Castes wearing of sacred thread Tole : A small settlement within a hamlet Varna :The basic stratification of the caste system, which divides society into four layers: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.xii Chapter 1 The water has goneFarmers, both men and women, were busy, trying to drain water out of their paddy fields, water logged after an overnight rain. The paddy was not yet ready for harvesting and farmers were worried because the water could damage their crop and reduce the yield. During an interview, it became clear that in the past these fields had been irrigated from a stream-fed canal irrigation system. Over the years, these fields turned into rain-fed fields, making cultivation more difficult for the farmers:Farmer 1 (man): "until the monsoon begins, there is very little water in the stream" [that feeds this canal].Farmer 2 (woman): "nowadays no one needs an irrigation canal; people only need roads. All these fields are going to be covered by houses".Farmer 3 (man): "these new houses and roads often encroach on the canal. It has already been encroached on at many sections".Farmer 2 (woman): "I thought you had also come to see the land to buy it".

show abstract

Groundwater Extraction: Implications on Local Water Security of Peri-urban Area of Kathmandu Valley

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Can Tanker Water Services Contribute to Sustainable Access to Water? A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Urban Areas

Can Tanker Water Services Contribute to Sustainable Access to Water? A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Urban Areas

The contested common pool resource: Ground water use in urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Urbanizing flows : growing water insecurity in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About