Groundwater contamination with cadmium concentrations in some West U.P. Regions, India

Abstract

Water is considered a vital resource because it is necessary for all aspects of human and ecosystem survival. However, due to natural processes and anthropogenic activities, various pollutants have been added to the ground water system. Among these, heavy metals are some of the most serious pollutants. Cd, a toxic heavy metal used in Ni-Cd batteries, the colouration of plastic and various discarded electronic products released into the water system causes serious health issues. The chronic exposure to Cd produces a wide variety of acute and chronic effects in humans. Cd accumulates in the human body, especially in the kidneys, resulting in kidney damage (renal tubular damage), which is a critical health effect. Other effects of Cd exposure are disturbances in calcium metabolism, hypercalciuria and the formation of kidney stones. High exposure to Cd can lead to lung cancer and prostate cancer; hence, poor quality water that may result in Cd toxicity has become a global concern. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the concentration of Cd in underground water sources in western U.P. regions. Water samples were acidified to 1% with nitric acid and then stored in double-capped polyethylene bottles for further analysis by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After comparing the data to the WHO (2011) permissible limit, the study revealed that the concentration of Cd was higher than the regulatory threshold; therefore, the underground water system is seriously affected by Cd toxicity.

Anti-Osteogenic Activity of Cadmium in Zebrafish

“…There are many studies reporting cadmium toxicity in fish, but few of them evaluated endpoints related to the skeletal system, in particular bone formation, in zebrafish. Data presented in this article-i.e., the reduced growth of the opercular bone, the increased incidence of skeletal deformities, the impaired stiffness of regenerated bone, and the differential expression of bone marker genes-provide clear evidence of an anti-osteogenic or osteotoxic effect of cadmium at doses that can be found in the aquatic environment [31,32]. A decreased operculum growth rate was recently evidenced in zebrafish larvae exposed to cobalt chloride [33] and 3-methylcholanthrene [30] through mechanisms still poorly understood but possibly related to an impairment of osteoblast (bone forming cells) maturation and function.…”

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“…Particularly, cadmium concentration which is beyond WHO permissible limit was detected in groundwater from UP, India. 13 Similarly, the concentration of cobalt and cadmium in soil from the same region were also beyond the safe limit. 14 Once the soil is contaminated, the people of the land are not entirely free from the contamination.…”

Estimation of Cadmium Levels in Local Banana (Musa) Fruits by ICP-MS Technology-A Pan India Study

“…Plants accumulate cadmium in the edible parts (Zhang et al 2014). Irrigation water, soil of India are having cadmium levels greater than W HO alert value (Idrees et al 2018;Taghipour et al 2012).…”