“…They can alter prey population structure and resource availability through trophic cascades (Frank, Petrie, Choi, & Leggett, 2005) or modify rates of prey movement, grazing, activity, dispersal, and colonization (Reynolds & Bruno, 2013;Schmitz et al, 2004). Such top predator-mediated effects can also influence primary producers and bacteria, and may, ultimately, alter biogeochemical cycles, ecosystem processes and abiotic conditions (Chapin et al, 2000;Hooper et al, 2005;Katz et al, 2009;McIntyre, Jones, Flecker, & Vanni, 2007).…”