Ground performance in Wellington waterfront area following the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake

Orense, Rolando P.; Mirjafari, Yasin; Asadi, Mohammad; Naghibi, Milad; Chen, Xiaoyu; Altaf, Omer; Asadi, Baqer

doi:10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.142-151

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, such damage may eventuate in some earthquakes, but not in others depending on the level of the seismic demand in relation to the liquefaction resistance of soils. Such reasoning may explain the absence of significant ground distress and liquefaction manifestation in the waterfront reclamations outside CentrePort during the Kaikōura earthquake (Orense et al, 2017).…”

Section: Implications For Wellington’s Earthquake Resiliencementioning

confidence: 97%

Wellington’s earthquake resilience: Lessons from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

et al. 2020

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Wellington city, the capital of New Zealand, experienced substantial damage and impacts from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, despite its relatively large distance of 60 km from the source of the earthquake. This article draws on impact observations from this event to discuss critical issues for Wellington’s earthquake resilience. Ground motion characteristics exhibiting substantial amplifications in native and reclaimed sites, including basin effects, liquefaction of reclaimed land at the port of Wellington, characteristic structural and non-structural damage to mid- and high-rise buildings, and socio-economic impacts on community are explored in detail. The main thrust of the article is to discuss implications of these observations, identify needs, and stimulate actions across a wide range of earthquake science, earthquake engineering, and socio-economic disciplines to achieve adequate resilience levels for Wellington, and other cities facing similar seismic risks.

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Section: Implications For Wellington’s Earthquake Resiliencementioning

confidence: 97%

Wellington’s earthquake resilience: Lessons from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

et al. 2020

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“…Significant damage has been identified in and around the Wellington CBD basins, as shown in Brunsdon et al in Figure 2. This paper will not cover the tectonic setting, rupture, and ground performance -the details of which have been much explained by others [14][15][16][17] -except in so far as they relate directly to observed building behaviour.…”

Section: The Kaikōura Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is generally much lower than the elastic stiffness, so it does not become an issue for elastic buildings at code-level drifts. When a system yields and has no inherent restoring force, the post elastic yield slope will be negative, which tends to drastically increase displacements [17]. Having a positive restoring force will offset this effect.…”

Section: Figure 14: Average Spectral Displacements For Kaikōura Soft mentioning

confidence: 99%

Basin edge effects and damping

Ballagh¹,

Cattanach²

2019

BNZSEE

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The Kaikōura earthquake brought the concept of basin effects to the forefront of conversation about building in the Wellington CBD. Local exceedances of ULS design spectra were observed in many waterfront sites in the 1.5-2.5s period range. This, coupled with low yield levels and certain structural forms present in previous generations of building design, meant that significant damage occurred in many buildings around the Wellington waterfront.A primary cause for the high spectral accelerations was the geological structure of the Wellington CBD. This paper will focus on the behaviour of generic buildings in response to these particular ground motions and suggest how lessons from this can inform the design of future buildings. It uses the Kaikōura Earthquake as the centre point for discussions about the relationship between building behaviour on soft soils and the effects on this of different forms of damping. More broadly, the aim is to help spark debate in the earthquake engineering community on the question: What sorts of structures should we be building on soft soil sites?This paper has been written in the wake of a number of damaging earthquakes throughout New Zealand, and with the concurrent increase in sophistication and spread of tools for analysing the effects of the ground motions induced by these earthquakes. The genesis of the ideas presented herein was in analysis of many waterfront buildings following the Kaikoura earthquake, and the attempts, often in vain, to match modelled building behaviour-where small tweaks in assumptions could have a radical effect on results-with actual observed damagewhere cracks may have been seen in concrete or in partitions, but assessment of actual plastic strains reached in steel bars or beams was basically conjecture. This paper is broad in scope, therefore cannot possibly give each aspect the coverage of a series of papers which consider them in isolation and in detail. We nonetheless strongly believe that a holistic view of all topics is critical for design, and that the authors as 'front line' structural engineers are well positioned to present this. Sincere attempts have been made to justify our point of view with a strong basis in first principles, and backed by nonlinear time history analysis, or by reference to the work of others. We acknowledge that our beliefs are not shared by everyone and that some conclusions are provocative. It is neither the intent nor even the hope that we have the last word on this topic.

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“…A full description of the damage caused by the event has been summarised by numerous authors in an NZSEE Special Issue (e.g. Orense et al, 2017;Cubrinovski et al, 2017;Palermo et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road impacts from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: an analogue for a future Alpine Fault earthquake?

Robinson

2018

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake involved complex rupture of multiple faults for > 170 km, generating strong ground shaking throughout the upper South Island leading to widespread landsliding. As a result of surface fault rupture and landslides, State Highway 1 and State Highway 70 were blocked, isolating Kaikōura and the surrounding communities and necessitating evacuations by air and sea. In all these respects the Kaikōura earthquake can be considered an analogue for a future Alpine Fault earthquake, providing lessons for the necessary emergency response. Landslide blockages primarily occurred where surrounding slopes averaged > 18° and where Peak Ground Acceleration was > 0.43 g, Peak Ground Velocity > 41 cm/s, or Modified Mercalli Intensity > 7.9. Using a potential future Alpine Fault scenario earthquake, this study identifies locations on other key state highway routes that have similar predictive variables that may therefore become blocked in a future earthquake. This suggests that SH6 between Hokitika and Haast, State Highway 73 near Arthur's Pass, and State Highway 94 south of Milford Sound are all likely to be affected. This will necessitate the evacuation of large numbers of spatially distributed tourists as well as the resupply of isolated local populations. The possibility of bad weather along with a lack of sea ports south of Hokitika will likely make such activities challenging. Contingency planning based on experiences from the Kaikōura earthquake is therefore necessary and likely to prove invaluable following an Alpine Fault earthquake.

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Ground performance in Wellington waterfront area following the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Wellington’s earthquake resilience: Lessons from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

Wellington’s earthquake resilience: Lessons from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

Basin edge effects and damping

Road impacts from the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: an analogue for a future Alpine Fault earthquake?

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