Ground‐Penetrating Radar: Operation Principle and Data Processing

Catapano, Ilaria; Gennarelli, Gianluca; Ludeno, Giovanni; Persico, Raffaele; Soldovieri, Francesco

doi:10.1002/047134608x.w8383

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an Electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methodology working at microwaves, with frequency range 10 MHz-3 GHz, commonly used to investigate shallower buried structures. Processed data allow obtaining a spatial map of the subsurface in terms of electromagnetic properties and associate the "electromagnetic anomalies" to the presence and the shape of buried targets [75]. The choice of the working frequency results as a trade-off between the necessity to investigate deeper regions (pushing to lower frequencies) and the need to have higher resolution (pushing towards higher frequencies).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)

Nappi

Paoletti²,

D'Antonio³

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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We report a geophysical study across an active normal fault in the Southern Apennines. The surveyed area is the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise), at the foot of Mt. Patalecchia (Molise Apennines, Southern Italy), a small tectonic basin filled by Holocene deposits located at the NW termination of the major Quaternary Bojano basin structure. This basin, on the NE flank of the Matese Massif, was the epicentral area of the very strong 26 July, 1805, Sant’Anna earthquake (I0 = X MCS, Mw = 6.7). The “Il Lago” Plain is bordered by a portion of the right-stepping normal fault system bounding the whole Bojano Quaternary basin (28 km long). The seismic source responsible for the 1805 earthquake is regarded as one of the most hazardous structures of the Apennines; however, the position of its NW boundary of this seismic source is debated. Geological, geomorphological and macroseismic data show that some coseismic surface faulting also occurred in correspondence with the border fault of the “Il Lago” Plain. The study of the “Il Lago” Plain subsurface might help to constrain the NW segment boundary of the 1805 seismogenic source, suggesting that it is possibly a capable fault, source for moderate (Mw < 5.5) to strong earthquakes (Mw ≥ 5.5). Therefore, we constrained the geometry of the fault beneath the plain using low-frequency Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data supported by seismic tomography. Seismic tomography yielded preliminary information on the subsurface structures and the dielectric permittivity of the subsoil. A set of GPR parallel profiles allowed a quick and high-resolution characterization of the lateral extension of the fault, and of its geometry at depth. The result of our study demonstrates the optimal potential of combined seismic and deep GPR surveys for investigating the geometry of buried active normal faults. Moreover, our study could be used for identifying suitable sites for paleoseismic analyses, where record of earthquake surface faulting might be preserved in Holocene lacustrine sedimentary deposits. The present case demonstrates the possibility to detect with high accuracy the complexity of a fault-zone within a basin, inferred by GPR data, not only in its shallower part, but also down to about 100 m depth.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, filtering procedures are necessary for reducing the effects of the undesired signals while improving the targets visibility. The choice of these procedures was driven by the specific surveyed scenario [75,92,94,95]. Figure 10 shows the processing chain adopted to improve the interpretability of the considered GPR data.…”

Section: Iii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)

Nappi

Paoletti²,

D'Antonio³

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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“…At each measurement point along the flight trajectory Γ, the transceiver records the signals scattered from the targets over the angular frequency range Ω = , . Therefore, multimonostatic and multifrequency data As a first stage of the overall reconstruction procedure, a time-domain pre-processing of the radargram is performed by applying the following operations [31][32][33]:…”

Section: Radar Imaging Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Multicopter-UAV-Based Radar Imaging: Performance Assessment for a Single Flight Track

et al. 2020

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This paper deals with a feasibility study assessing the reconstruction capabilities of a small Multicopter-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (M-UAV) based radar system, whose flight positions are determined by using the Carrier-Phase Differential GPS (CDGPS) technique. The paper describes the overall radar imaging system in terms of both hardware devices and data processing strategy for the case of a single flight track. The data processing is cast as the solution of an inverse scattering problem and is able to provide focused images of on surface targets. In particular, the reconstruction is approached through the adjoint of the functional operator linking the unknown contrast function to the scattered field data, which is computed by taking into account the actual flight positions provided by the CDGPS technique. For this inverse problem, we provide an analysis of the reconstruction capabilities by showing the effect of the radar parameters, the flight altitude and the spatial offset between target and flight path on the resolution limits. A measurement campaign is carried out to demonstrate the imaging capabilities in controlled conditions. Experimental results referred to two surveys performed on the same scene but at two different UAV altitudes verify the consistency of these results with the theoretical resolution analysis.Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 774 2 of 22 UAV-based radar imaging receives huge attention in several military and civilian applications, such as surveillance, security, diagnostics, monitoring in civil engineering, cultural heritage and earth observation, with particular emphasis on natural disasters, which should be safely and timely monitored [8]. At the state-of-the-art, radar imaging performed by M-UAVs has been proposed for precision farming [9], forest mapping [10] and glaciology [11]. In addition, M-UAVs have been exploited to perform Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), avoiding large platforms when monitoring small areas. In this frame, the first experimentation concerning interferometric P and X band SAR systems onboard UAV platforms has been reported in [12], while a UAV polarimetric SAR imaging system has been proposed in [13]. UAVs have been also exploited in the field of landmine detection as platforms equipped with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems [14,15].Despite these promising examples, the development of radar systems onboard M-UAV is at an early stage and M-UAV radar imaging still represents a scientific challenge, especially when small and light M-UAV platforms are deployed. Indeed, the full exploitation of smart and flexible M-UAV imaging radar systems requires the development of reconstruction approaches able to deal with non-conventional data acquisition configurations, where data are not collected along a straight linear trajectory due to environmental conditions or presence of obstacles. In this respect, it is worth pointing out that radar imaging, i.e., the possibility to obtain a focused image of the investigated region, strongly depends on the accurate knowledge of platform po...

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“…However, if the weak scattering assumption is no longer valid, it is still possible to obtain reliable information regarding the presence, position and approximate shape of targets [30]. In this study, a linear inverse scattering approach based on the BA is adopted under a multi-monostatic/multi-frequency configuration.…”

Section: B Data Processing Framework: the Microwave Tomography Invermentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Internal Structure of Hollow Trees Using GPR and Microwave Tomography

Tosti

Gennarelli

Lantini

et al. 2020

2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)

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Trees and woodlands are nowadays threatened by variety of aggressive diseases and fungal infections. As a result, internal decays in trees, can lead to the creation of cavities and large holes inside the trunks, which in turn can seriously undermine the stability and the integrity of the tree. In this regard, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has recently proven to be an effective non-destructive testing (NDT) method, with the potential of providing information about the internal structure of trees. However, the particular shape of tree trunks prevents the use of traditional data processing techniques, and only limited information can be collected for tree health assessment purposes. This study shows the potential of GPR enhanced by a microwave tomography inversion approach in detecting tree cavities and hollows. A hollow tree was investigated by performing a set of circular GPR scans, and the internal structure of the trunk was reconstructed via tomographic imaging. The achieved results were validated by way of comparison with real sections cut from the tree and prove the validity of the proposed methodology in identifying the dimension and shape of cavities and hollows in tree trunks.

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Ground‐Penetrating Radar: Operation Principle and Data Processing

Cited by 36 publications

References 99 publications

Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)

Joint Interpretation of Geophysical Results and Geological Observations for Detecting Buried Active Faults: The Case of the “Il Lago” Plain (Pettoranello del Molise, Italy)

Small Multicopter-UAV-Based Radar Imaging: Performance Assessment for a Single Flight Track

Assessing the Internal Structure of Hollow Trees Using GPR and Microwave Tomography

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