Ground-penetrating radar-based automatic reconstruction of three-dimensional coarse root system architecture

Yuan, Wei; Guo, Li; Cui, Xihong; Chen, Jin; Cao, Xin; Lin, Henry

doi:10.1007/s11104-014-2139-0

Cited by 54 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…2a and c), the relationship among h, topography, and trees may depend on hillslope position (i.e., crest, sideslope, toe). For example, near ridge crests and in valley bottoms, the stress fields vary markedly, affecting the distribution of fractures (Wyrick and Borchers, 1981;St. Clair et al, 2015).…”

Section: Architectural Layering Of the Critical Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time-intensive trench studies could also be completed (van Meerveld et al, 2015). Mapping of roots and macropores will also be needed (Wu et al, 2014). In addition, a recent hypothesis suggests that the shallow lateral flowpaths underlying hillslopes in catchments are co-located at depth intervals marking biogeochemical reactions: in other words, the zones of lateral flow may be caused by or may mark the depth intervals where biogeochemical reactions have occurred over long time periods in catchments (Brantley et al, 2017a).…”

Section: Hypothesis 8 Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Use Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb the critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of the character and implications of interactions between trees and soil in the CZ, we propose nine hypotheses that can be tested at diverse settings. The hypotheses are roughly divided into those about the architecture (building) and those about the water (plumbing) in the CZ, but the two functions are intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many of the nine hypotheses listed below may appear obviously true or obviously false. (1) Tree roots can only physically penetrate and biogeochemically comminute the immobile substrate underlying mobile soil where that underlying substrate is fractured or pre-weathered. (2) In settings where the thickness of weathered material, H , is large, trees primarily shape the CZ through biogeochemical reactions within the rooting zone. (3) In forested uplands, the thickness of mobile soil, h, can evolve toward a steady state because of feedbacks related to root disruption and tree throw. (4) In settings where h H and the rates of uplift and erosion are low, the uptake of phosphorus into trees is buffered by the fine-grained fraction of the soil, and the ultimate source of this phosphorus is dust. (5) In settings of limited water availability, trees maintain the highest length density of functional roots at depths where water can be extracted over most of the growing season with the least amount of energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow the majority of their roots in the zone where the most growth-limiting resource is abundant, but they also grow roots at other depths to forage for other resources and to hydraulically redistribute those resources to depths where they can be taken up more efficiently. (7) Trees rely on matrix water in the unsaturated zone that at times may have anPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5116 S. L. Brantley et al.: Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone isotopic composition distinct from the gravity-drained water that transits from the hillslope to groundwater and streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi can use matrix water directly, but trees can only use this water by accessing it indirectly through the fungi. (9) Even trees growing well above the valley floor of a catchment can directly affect stream chemistry where changes in permeability near the rooting zone promote intermittent zones of water saturation and downslope flow of water to the stream. By testing these nine hypotheses, we will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights that advance CZ science.

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Section: Architectural Layering Of the Critical Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothesis 8 Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Use Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

et al. 2017

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“…However, although the accuracy for root recognition was lower than for pipe recognition, it is sufficient for ecology application in root study. For example, the accuracy of the recognition result by RHT is enough for research about the three-dimensional distribution or architecture of coarse root system [6,7,9].…”

Section: Feasibility Of Applying Rht For Root Recognition In Gpr Profmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1999, GPR has provided an important method for non-invasive study of plant root system, including coarse root mapping [4][5][6][7], root system architecture reconstruction [8,9], and root diameter or biomass estimation [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Unlike optical images, raw GPR radargrams provide insufficient geometrical information of buried targets and are always disturbed by soil clutter noise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, collected radargrams of roots are interpreted manually so far [5,6], which is time-consuming and the accuracy depends on the operator's personal experience. The artificial interpretation method especially cannot meet the requirement of huge amounts of GPR data processing for large scale, whole-root system distribution of plant community in field conditions [9], which is significant in belowground ecology. Therefore, it is imperative to explore an effective and accurate automatic method for identifying root objects in GPR images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree Root Automatic Recognition in Ground Penetrating Radar Profiles Based on Randomized Hough Transform

Cui

Guo

et al. 2016

Remote Sensing

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Abstract:As a nondestructive geophysical tool, Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied in tree root study in recent years. With increasing amounts of GPR data collected for roots, it is imperative to develop an efficient automatic recognition of roots in GPR images. However, few works have been completed on this topic because of the complexity in root recognition problem. Based on GPR datasets from both controlled and in situ experiments, the randomized Hough transform (RHT) algorithm was evaluated in root object recognition for different center frequencies (400 MHz, 900 MHz, and 2000 MHz) in this paper. Reasonable accuracy was obtained (both a high recognition rate and a low false alarm rate) in these datasets, which shows it is feasible to apply the RHT algorithm for root recognition. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of root and soil factors on the recognition. We found that the performance of RHT algorithm is mainly affected by root interval length, root orientation, and clutter noise of soil. The recognition results by RHT could be applied for large scale root system distribution study in belowground ecology. Further studies should be conducted to reduce clutter noise and improve the recognition of the complex root reflections.

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Quantitative, nondestructive estimates of coarse root biomass in a temperate pine forest using 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR)

2017

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Coarse root biomass was estimated in a temperate pine forest using high‐resolution (1 GHz) 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR). GPR survey grids were acquired across a 400 m2 area with varying line spacing (12.5 and 25 cm). Root volume and biomass were estimated directly from the 3‐D radar volume by using isometric surfaces calculated with the marching cubes algorithm. Empirical relations between GPR reflection amplitude and root diameter were determined for 14 root segments (0.1–10 cm diameter) reburied in a 6 m2 experimental test plot and surveyed at 5–25 cm line spacing under dry and wet soil conditions. Reburied roots >1.4 cm diameter were detectable as continuous root structures with 5 cm line separation. Reflection amplitudes were strongly controlled by soil moisture and decreased by ~40% with a twofold increase in soil moisture. GPR line intervals of 12.5 and 25 cm produced discontinuous mapping of roots, and GPR coarse root biomass estimates (0.92 kgC m−2) were lower than those obtained previously with a site‐specific allometric equation due to nondetection of vertical roots and roots <1.5 cm diameter. The results show that coarse root volume and biomass can be estimated directly from interpolated 3‐D GPR volumes by using a marching cubes approach, but mapping of roots as continuous structures requires high inline sampling and line density (<5 cm). The results demonstrate that 3‐D GPR is viable approach for estimating belowground carbon and for mapping tree root architecture. This methodology can be applied more broadly in other disciplines (e.g., archaeology and civil engineering) for imaging buried structures.

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Ground-penetrating radar-based automatic reconstruction of three-dimensional coarse root system architecture

Cited by 54 publications

References 28 publications

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Tree Root Automatic Recognition in Ground Penetrating Radar Profiles Based on Randomized Hough Transform

Quantitative, nondestructive estimates of coarse root biomass in a temperate pine forest using 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR)

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