Ground-motion networks in the Groningen field: usability and consistency of surface recordings

Ntinalexis, Michail; Bommer, Julian J.; Ruigrok, Elmer; Edwards, Benjamin; Pinho, Rui; Dost, B.; Correia, António A.; Uilenreef, Jeroen; Stafford, Peter J.; Elk, Jan van

doi:10.1007/s10950-019-09870-x

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…9 Peak ground acceleration of the Groningen horizontal components plotted against distance (upper) and magnitudedistance distribution of the Groningen database (lower) window to sample noise adequately. However, in networks operating on a triggering-only basis, such as the KNMI B-network in Groningen prior to 2014 (see Ntinalexis et al 2019), limited time lengths of the preevent memory may be available. In small-amplitude records such as those included in the Groningen database, the SNR at frequencies above 20 Hz can also be very sensitive to the selection of the noise window due to transient signals, and hence it is important to make sure that the noise window is carefully selected.…”

Section: Maximum Usable Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The database consists of 803 triaxial recordings from events between 2006 and 2020 with local magnitudes ranging from M L 2.5 to M L 3.6 and is being used in the framework of the Groningen gas field hazard and risk analyses (van Elk et al 2017) to develop a GMM (Bommer et al 2017). The recordings are from highquality digital accelerographs at 98 sites belonging to the B-and G-networks of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI; see Ntinalexis et al 2019;Dost et al 2017;KNMI 1993). By virtue of the small magnitude of the events, the recordings contain small-amplitude motions, with as-recorded horizontal PGA values ranging from 0.068 cm/s 2 (7 × 10 −5 g) to 108.68 cm/s 2 (0.11 g).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the following sections, we detail the application of a workflow used to define usable frequency (for FAS) and period (for PSA) for an induced seismicity dataset, specifically, a database of 803 recordings from the Band G-networks of the KNMI in the Groningen region, the Netherlands. The recording networks and instrumentation used to record the acceleration time series are described in Ntinalexis et al (2019). Prior to 2014, the monitoring network consisted of several GeoSig digital accelerographs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence of a M L 3.6 earthquake that occurred in Huizinge on 16 August 2012, more detailed seismic studies were commissioned for the area. A significant upgrade and expansion of the existing network as well as the installation of new networks became part of this effort (Ntinalexis et al 2019). The KNMI networks now consist of almost 100 modern Kinemetrics accelerometer stations with high rate 24-bit data-logging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defining the usable bandwidth of weak-motion records: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field, the Netherlands

Edwards

Ntinalexis

2021

J Seismol

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Seismic hazard and risk analyses are increasingly tapping into the previously underused resource of local weak-motion records. This is facilitating the development of local- or even application-specific models for the characterisation of earthquake ground motion. In turn, this offers the opportunity to derive non- or partially non-ergodic models and significantly reduce bias and uncertainty. However, weak-motion data, while carrying important information about local earthquake source, path and site effects, are susceptible to noise. We show that high-frequency noise has a record-, or region-specific, impact on pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA). This impact depends on the shape of the records’ Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS): PSA from moderately to highly damped ‘soil’ records (e.g. Groningen, the Netherlands) is much less susceptible to high-frequency noise than PSA from weakly damped ‘rock’ records (e.g. Eastern North America). We make use of simulated ground motion records to develop a parametric model for the lower usable period of PSA (Tmin). The model accounts for the impact of high-frequency noise on PSA, conditional on easily measured parameters characterising the shape of a record’s FAS. We then present a workflow, describing processing undertaken for records of induced seismicity from the Groningen gas field. The workflow includes the definition of maximum and minimum usable frequencies and periods of FAS and PSA, respectively. As part of the workflow, we present an approach that considers multiple estimates of Tmin. These include the parametric model and, additionally, record-specific hybrid simulations that artificially extend or modify time series’ FAS beyond the noise floor to assess subsequent impacts on PSA.

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Section: Maximum Usable Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defining the usable bandwidth of weak-motion records: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field, the Netherlands

Edwards

Ntinalexis

2021

J Seismol

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“…Due to this gas production, the reservoir layer has compacted over time, causing earthquakes that have in some cases caused damage to buildings in the Groningen province (Van Eck et al, 2006) and led to several protests against further gas extraction in the area (Verdoes and Boin, 2021). To investigate these earthquakes, an extensive seismometer array was installed, which is operated by the KNMI (The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) on behalf of Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM) (Ntinalexis et al, 2019). Recently, the Dutch Research Council (NWO) established a scientific program called DeepNL to specifically focus on tackling the scientific challenges associated with the Groningen gas extraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient probabilistic inversion for induced earthquake parameters in 3D heterogeneous media

Masfara

Cullison

Weemstra

2022

Preprint

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Abstract. We present an efficient probabilistic workflow for the estimation of source parameters of induced seismic events in three-dimensional heterogeneous media. Our workflow exploits a linearized variant of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm. Compared to traditional Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, HMC is highly efficient in sampling high-dimensional model spaces. Through a linearization of the forward problem around the prior mean (i.e., the "best" initial model), this efficiency can be further improved. We show, however, that this linearization leads to a performance in which the output of an HMC chain strongly depends on the quality of the prior; in particular, because not all (induced) earthquake model parameters have a linear relationship with the recordings observed at the surface. To mitigate the importance of an accurate prior, we integrate the linearized HMC scheme into a workflow that (i) allows for a weak prior through linearization around various (initial) centroid locations, (ii) is able to converge to the mode containing the model with the (global) minimum misfit by means of an iterative HMC approach, and (iii) uses variance reduction as a criterion to include the output of individual Markov chains in the estimation of the posterior probability. Using a three-dimensional heterogeneous subsurface model of the Groningen gas field, we simulate an induced earthquake to test our workflow. We then demonstrate the virtue of our workflow by estimating the event's centroid (three parameters), moment tensor (six parameters), and the earthquake's origin time. We find that our workflow is able to recover the posterior probability of these source parameters rather well, even when the prior model information is inaccurate, imprecise, or both inaccurate and imprecise.

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Earthquake hazard and risk analysis for natural and induced seismicity: towards objective assessments in the face of uncertainty

Bommer

2022

Bull Earthquake Eng

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The fundamental objective of earthquake engineering is to protect lives and livelihoods through the reduction of seismic risk. Directly or indirectly, this generally requires quantification of the risk, for which quantification of the seismic hazard is required as a basic input. Over the last several decades, the practice of seismic hazard analysis has evolved enormously, firstly with the introduction of a rational framework for handling the apparent randomness in earthquake processes, which also enabled risk assessments to consider both the severity and likelihood of earthquake effects. The next major evolutionary step was the identification of epistemic uncertainties related to incomplete knowledge, and the formulation of frameworks for both their quantification and their incorporation into hazard assessments. Despite these advances in the practice of seismic hazard analysis, it is not uncommon for the acceptance of seismic hazard estimates to be hindered by invalid comparisons, resistance to new information that challenges prevailing views, and attachment to previous estimates of the hazard. The challenge of achieving impartial acceptance of seismic hazard and risk estimates becomes even more acute in the case of earthquakes attributed to human activities. A more rational evaluation of seismic hazard and risk due to induced earthquakes may be facilitated by adopting, with appropriate adaptations, the advances in risk quantification and risk mitigation developed for natural seismicity. While such practices may provide an impartial starting point for decision making regarding risk mitigation measures, the most promising avenue to achieve broad societal acceptance of the risks associated with induced earthquakes is through effective regulation, which needs to be transparent, independent, and informed by risk considerations based on both sound seismological science and reliable earthquake engineering.

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Ground-motion networks in the Groningen field: usability and consistency of surface recordings

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Defining the usable bandwidth of weak-motion records: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field, the Netherlands

Defining the usable bandwidth of weak-motion records: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field, the Netherlands

Efficient probabilistic inversion for induced earthquake parameters in 3D heterogeneous media

Earthquake hazard and risk analysis for natural and induced seismicity: towards objective assessments in the face of uncertainty

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