Ground detection of trans‐ionospheric pulse pairs by stations in the National Lightning Detection Network

Zuelsdorf, R. S.; Casler, C.; Strangeway, R. J.; Russell, C. T.; Franz, R. C.

doi:10.1029/98gl00131

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Other authors have used time correlation analysis to investigate the source of TIPPs. TIPPs were found to correlate in time with LF/VLF intracloud pulses, not unlike narrow bipolar pulses, observed by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) [ Jacobson et al , 2000; Zuelsdorf et al , 1998]. TIPPs have also been shown to correlate in time with waveforms classified as positive cloud‐to‐ground discharges by the NLDN [ Jacobson et al , 2000].…”

Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

et al. 2002

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[1] We examine the ratio of energy in the second pulse to energy in the first pulse for 2467 transionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs). The TIPPs examined here have been attributed to thunderstorms occurring over maritime, continental, and coastal regions near the continental United States. The mean values of the energy ratios are found to be 0.39 ± 0.27 for continental TIPPs and 0.94 ± 0.62 for maritime TIPPs. The energy ratio values for the coastal TIPPs exhibit a bimodal distribution representative of both the continental and the maritime populations. Previous observational evidence has shown that the second pulse of a TIPP is the surface-reflected signal from the same source as the first pulse. We compare the observed pulse energy ratios to the reflection coefficients of soil and seawater given by the Fresnel equations. The average values of the reflection coefficients for sources with vertical plane and horizontal plane polarization are consistent with the data.

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Section: Background and Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

et al. 2002

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“…Unlike the ground-based measurements from the 1980s, the Blackbeard recordings showed a characteristic pair of noise bursts, separated by tens of microseconds . These pairs were interpreted as being due to propagation along two paths to the satellite, the first being the direct path, and the second being a ground-reflected path (Massey and Holden, 1995;Massey et al, 1998a;Zuelsdorf et al, 1997Zuelsdorf et al, , 1998. The pairs were named "Transionospheric Pulse Pairs", or TIPPs for short.…”

Section: A R Jacobson and T E L Light: Revisiting "Narrow Bipolamentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting "Narrow Bipolar Event" intracloud lightning using the FORTE satellite

Jacobson

Light

2012

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. The lightning stroke called a "Narrow Bipolar Event", or NBE, is an intracloud discharge responsible for significant charge redistribution. The NBE occurs within 10-20 µs, and some associated process emits irregular bursts of intense radio noise, fading at shorter timescales, sporadically during the charge transfer. In previous reports, the NBE has been inferred to be quite different from other forms of lightning strokes, in two ways: First, the NBE has been inferred to be relatively dark (non-luminous) compared to other lightning strokes. Second, the NBE has been inferred to be isolated within the storm, usually not participating in flashes, but when it is in a flash, the NBE has been inferred to be the flash initiator. These two inferences have sufficiently stark implications for NBE physics that they should be subjected to further independent test, with improved statistics. We attempt such a test with both optical and radio data from the FORTE satellite, and with lightning-stroke data from the Los Alamos Sferic Array.We show rigorously that by the metric of triggering the PDD optical photometer aboard the FORTE satellite, NBE discharges are indeed less luminous than ordinary lightning. Referred to an effective isotropic emitter at the cloud top, NBE light output is inferred to be less than ∼3 × 10 8 W.To address isolation of NBEs, we first expand the pool of geolocated intracloud radio recordings, by borrowing geolocations from either the same flash's or the same storm's other recordings. In this manner we generate a pool of ∼2 × 10 5 unique and independent FORTE intracloud radio recordings, whose slant range from the satellite can be inferred. We then use this slant range to calculate the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) at the radio source, in the passband 26-49 MHz. Stratifying the radio recordings by ERP into eight bins, from a lowest bin (<5 kW) to a highest bin (>140 kW), we document a trend for the radio recordings to become more isolated in time as the ERP increases. The highest ERP bin corresponds to the intracloud emissions associated with NBEs.At the highest ERP, the only significant probability of temporal neighbors is during times following the high-ERP events. In other words, when participating in a flash, the high-ERP emissions occur at the apparent flash initiation.

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“…This includes the intense intracloud (“IC”) radiator first noted as the “strongest rf radiation from lightning” [ Le Vine , 1980] and later associated with the “CID” (compact intracloud discharge”) process [ Jacobson , 2003b; Jacobson and Light , 2003; Jacobson and Heavner , 2005; Light and Jacobson , 2002; Nag and Rakov , 2010a, 2010b; Nag et al , 2010; Smith et al , 1999; Thomas et al , 2001]. These VHF signals are the most readily identified from space, due to their high intensity [ Holden et al , 1995; Massey and Holden , 1995; Massey et al , 1998a; Suszcynsky et al , 2000a; Zuelsdorf et al , 1997, 1998]. VHF emissions associated with CIDs have durations of >5 microsec but correlation times ≪1 microsec, so that the electric field's polarization undergoes many random variations during the emission duration [ Jacobson et al , 2011].…”

Section: The Direction‐finding Concept For Randomly Polarized Radio Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite triangulation of thunderstorms, from fading radio fields synchronously recorded on two orthogonal antennas

2011

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[1] Single-satellite observations of lightning radio emissions normally do not independently provide useful thunderstorm location. The scientific value of these radio waveform recordings is greatly enhanced by knowing at least the approximate location of the source thunderstorm. Since the Very High Frequency radio emissions from lightning are always broadband and usually incoherent, radio interferometry is an obvious approach to direction-finding the source. However, radio-interferometry requires separated, deployed antennas, and for decametric radio waves, success with interferometric direction-finding on a satellite has not yet been reported. We describe a method for approximate location of source thunderstorms, using the statistical fading of the received electric field on two orthogonal, but co-located, antennas. The method is based on previous work geolocating polarized sources, and we show that it can be adapted efficiently to unpolarized radio fields, which constitute the majority of lightning emissions. We implement the method with dual-antenna radio recordings from the FORTE satellite, and demonstrate its capabilities using a wide variety of radio data.Citation: Jacobson, A. R., X.-M. Shao, and R. H. Holzworth (2011), Satellite triangulation of thunderstorms, from fading radio fields synchronously recorded on two orthogonal antennas, Radio Sci., 46, RS6012,

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Ground detection of trans‐ionospheric pulse pairs by stations in the National Lightning Detection Network

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

Revisiting "Narrow Bipolar Event" intracloud lightning using the FORTE satellite

Satellite triangulation of thunderstorms, from fading radio fields synchronously recorded on two orthogonal antennas

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Ground detection of trans‐ionospheric pulse pairs by stations in the National Lightning Detection Network

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

Transionospheric pulse pairs originating in maritime, continental, and coastal thunderstorms: Pulse energy ratios

Revisiting &quot;Narrow Bipolar Event&quot; intracloud lightning using the FORTE satellite

Satellite triangulation of thunderstorms, from fading radio fields synchronously recorded on two orthogonal antennas

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Revisiting "Narrow Bipolar Event" intracloud lightning using the FORTE satellite