Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 2—Literature review and research challenges in optimal design

Atam, Ercan; Helsen, Lieve

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.009

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…thermal energy provided by the GSHP systems is typically 2-5 times higher than the consumed electric energy, hence making them quite energy efficient. The energy efficiency of GSHP systems can be further enhanced by optimizing the design and operation of these systems [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of borehole thermal resistance calculation methods for grouted single U-tube ground heat exchangers

Javed

Spitler

2017

Applied Energy

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of borehole thermal resistance calculation methods for grouted single U-tube ground heat exchangers

Javed

Spitler

2017

Applied Energy

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“…Some of them can be listed as follows. (i) developing a control-oriented model and using this model to design a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) system for frost prevention; (ii) determining the optimal number and distribution of hot air blowers; (iii) development of optimised, rule-based controllers from NMPC-type controllers through machine learning; (iv) consideration of synergistic effects by using hot air blowers and other alternatives, such as water sprayers around the perimeter of the orchard, and mulching or coverage of the fruit trees, which could significantly reduce the required minimum frost prevention energy from the use of hot air blowers; (v) development of different active frost prevention systems, including renewable energy sources and their economic feasibility analyses: for example, photovoltaics systems [25] and ground-coupled heat pumps [26][27][28] to fully or partially heat/warm the hot air to be blown. Funding: The first author would like to thank TÜBİTAK for funding (through the TÜBİTAK 1512 program) his project entitled "Development of tools for solar-energy assisted frost prevention systems in large-scale orchards.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermofluid Modelling of Large-Scale Orchards for Optimal Design and Control of Active Frost Prevention Systems

2020

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Accurate modelling and simulation of temperature dynamics in large-scale orchards is important in many aspects, including: (i) for the calculation of minimum energy required to be used in optimal design of active frost prevention energy systems (fully renewable or partially renewable) to prevent freezing of fruit flowers, buds, or leaves; (ii) for testing frost prevention control systems before real-implementation which regulate active heating systems inside orchards targeted to prevent frost. To that end, in this study, first, a novel and sophisticated parametric computational thermofluid dynamics (CTFD) model for orchard air thermal dynamics for different orchard parameters (such as fruit type, climate, number of trees, their sizes, and distance between them) and boundary/initial conditions was developed and validated with field data from the literature. Next, the use of the developed parametric CTFD model was demonstrated through a case study to calculate the minimal thermal energy required to prevent frost under different frost levels in a test Prunus armeniaca orchard located in Malatya, Turkey, which is the world capital for dry apricot production.

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“…The thermal field depends on two dimensionless groups: the Fourier number at the borehole radius, Fo b = α g t/r 2 b , and the dimensionless radial distance, r r b . Equation (6) can be hard to evaluate numerically. Ingersoll et al [23] provides a table of reference values in the range 0.1 ≤ Fo b ≤ 25.000 and r/r b = {1, 2, 5, 10}.…”

Section: Ics-infinite Cylindrical Source Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The topic of the GSHP optimization has been addressed by several authors in the literature through different approaches and methods (see, for instance, [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10]). Among the others, we consider the so-called "simulation-based optimization methods" [11] as a very promising methodology to improve the energy performance of any energy system (GSHP included) through the research of optimal design and management strategies and possible technological development [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensionless Maps for the Validity of Analytical Ground Heat Transfer Models for GSHP Applications

Conti

2016

Energies

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Abstract:This article provides plain and handy expressions to decide the most suitable analytical model for the thermal analysis of the ground source in vertical ground-coupled heat pump applications. We perform a comprehensive dimensionless analysis of the reciprocal deviation among the classical infinite, finite, linear and cylindrical heat source models in purely conductive media. Besides, we complete the framework of possible boreholes model with the "hollow" finite cylindrical heat source solution, still lacking in the literature. Analytical expressions are effective tools for both design and performance assessment: they are able to provide practical and general indications on the thermal behavior of the ground with an advantageous tradeoff between calculation efforts and solution accuracy. This notwithstanding, their applicability to any specific case is always subjected to the coherence of the model assumptions, also in terms of length and time scales, with the specific case of interest. We propose several dimensionless criteria to evaluate when one model is practically equivalent to another one and handy maps that can be used for both design and performance analysis. Finally, we found that the finite line source represents the most suitable model for borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), as it is applicable to a wide range of space and time scales, practically providing the same results of more complex models.

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Ground-coupled heat pumps: Part 2—Literature review and research challenges in optimal design

Cited by 46 publications

References 31 publications

Accuracy of borehole thermal resistance calculation methods for grouted single U-tube ground heat exchangers

Accuracy of borehole thermal resistance calculation methods for grouted single U-tube ground heat exchangers

Thermofluid Modelling of Large-Scale Orchards for Optimal Design and Control of Active Frost Prevention Systems

Dimensionless Maps for the Validity of Analytical Ground Heat Transfer Models for GSHP Applications

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