Ground boundary layers effect on aerodynamic coefficients of a compound wing with respect to design parameters

Wake behind a Compound Wing in Ground Effect

“…The drag and lift-to-drag ratio against the angle of attack of the compound wing simulated with fixed ground conditions and in a ground clearance of 0.15 is shown in Figure 6. The averages of errors for the drag coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio are 20.0% and 12.6%, respectively, as indicated in Jamei et al [38].…”

“…This issue was already clearly exposed in Jamei et al [38], where the modelization error (e.g., turbulence models and wall functions) was found as one of the main sources of error besides the numerical error due to the mesh. The relevance of modelization error, as one of the two main sources of error and uncertainty in a simulation, is widely exposed in Stern et al [27].…”