Gross osteology and radiology of the pelvic limb of the adult small East African goat

Abstract

The aim of this study was to provide the detailed normal gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvic limb in adult small East African goats as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching. Radiography of the pelvic limb was performed in five adult small East African goats. Bone specimens of four skeletally mature small East African goats were used for gross osteological study. The ilial wing was wide. The ischiatic tuberosity was prominent and well developed. The acetabulum was rounded. The minor trochanter was located caudomedially, and the femoral trochlea was deep and narrow. The lateral and medial condyles of the femur were approximately of the same size. The tibial tuberosity was prominent, and the cochlea grooves were deep with a pronounced intermediate ridge. The trochlea of the talus was deep. The patella presented a prominent tuberosity on the cranial surface. The metatarsal sesamoid bone was seen in all animals. The observed gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvic limb of small East African goats was consistent with the presence of strong extensor muscles of the hip, stifle and tarsus for propulsion during terrestrial walking and trotting. K E Y W O R D S anatomy, goat, osteology, pelvic limb, radiography How to cite this article: Makungu M. Gross osteology and radiology of the pelvic limb of the adult small East African goat. Anat Histol Embryol. 2019;48:234-243. https://doi.

Morphometric, Anatomic and Radiographic Study of Bone of the Pelvic Limb of Endangered Patagonian Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)

“…In tarsal bones, we observed a deep trochlea of the talus with a prominent lateral lip articulated to deep grooves of the tibial cochlea, which would act as a blockage to maintain pronation during locomotion, similar to that described in goats (Makungu, 2019). Therefore, this mechanism would prevent rotation, especially supination, and the movement of the tarsal joint would be restricted to only one axis, id est the extension and flexion for locomotion and propulsion.…”

Osteomorphological features of the hind limb bones of Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica)

“…The major trochanter and minor trochanter are robuster in Saiga antelope than that in goat, both of which are the insertions for the gluteal muscles and ilio-psoas, respectively. These morphological ad- There is a proximodistally elongated eminence on cranially distal tibia in Saiga antelope, which was not found in goat (Makungu, 2019).…”

“…The deep acetabulum in Saiga antelope presents a broad lunate surface and a slightly flatted cranial margin, which might benefit to reducing resistance and increasing flexion motion of the femur. Compared to the goat (Makungu, 2019), Saiga antelope owns larger acetabular anteversion which enhanced the effective coverage of the femoral head. This pattern is conducive to maintaining the movement stability of the hip joint and improving the efficiency of cursoriality.…”

“…Evolutionarily, more cursorial species own the more mediocre F I G U R E 7 Dorsal (a, c, j), plantar (b, d), proximal (e, f), medial (h, i, k) and lateral (g, l) views of the proximal (a, b, e), middle (c, d, f) and distal (j, k, l) phalanges in adult Saiga antelope. (1) Proximal sagittal groove, (2) articular fovea, (3) distal sagittal groove, (4) body, (5) condyles, (6) lateral plantar eminence, (7) medial plantar eminence, (8) base, (9) head, (10) extensor process, (11) flexor tuberosity, (Makungu, 2019). The similar results are in agreement with observations in bony features of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), which lays a basis for fast running (Yuan, 1998).…”

“…The effect of locomotor habits on morphology of hindlimb bone in Saiga was investigated, as well as the relationship of limb bone morphology to cursoriality and functional adaptations. Aim to determine whether the heritable variation of hind limb was led by lifestyle‐related functional adaptation of semi‐free Saiga antelope, the intralimb indices and calcaneal linear measurements in Saiga antelope were measured herein, comparing with the published data in wild and domestic artiodactyls (Andrew Barr, 2018; Makungu, 2019; Salvagno & Albarella, 2017; Yuan, 1998).…”