Gross cycling efficiency is not altered with and without toe-clips

Ostler, Laura M.; Betts, James A.; Gore, Christopher J.

doi:10.1080/02640410701332507

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…1999) muscle buffering capacity; : (Gelfi et al, 2004) or $myoglobin content (Reynafarje 1962;Tappan and Reynafarje, 1957;Terrados et al, 1986) Immune function :Likelihood of illness (Bailey et al, 1998) :Likelihood of illness (Mazzeo, 2005), possibly modulated by training load (Pyne et al, 2000) Oxygen cost of submaximal exercise Ostler et al, 2008 Controversial ; (Green et al, 2000) formance are evident at modest altitudes as low as 600 m (Gore et al, 1996). In contrast, during submaximal exercise the V o 2 for a given absolute work rate appears to be independent of the acute exposure to altitude (Pugh et al, 1964;Clark et al, 2007).…”

Section: Training At Altitudementioning

confidence: 89%

Endurance Training at Altitude

Saunders¹,

Pyne

Gore

2009

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

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103

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Since the 1968 Olympic Games when the effects of altitude on endurance performance became evident, moderate altitude training ( approximately 2000 to 3000 m) has become popular to improve competition performance both at altitude and sea level. When endurance athletes are exposed acutely to moderate altitude, a number of physiological responses occur that can comprise performance at altitude; these include increased ventilation, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume, reduced plasma volume, and lower maximal aerobic power ((.)Vo(2max)) by approximately 15% to 20%. Over a period of several weeks, one primary acclimatization response is an increase in the volume of red blood cells and consequently of (.)Vo(2max). Altitudes > approximately 2000 m for >3 weeks and adequate iron stores are required to elicit these responses. However, the primacy of more red blood cells for superior sea-level performance is not clear-cut since the best endurance athletes in the world, from Ethiopia (approximately 2000 to 3000 m), have only marginally elevated hemoglobin concentrations. The substantial reduction in (.)Vo(2max) of athletes at moderate altitude implies that their training should include adequate short-duration (approximately 1 to 2 min), high-intensity efforts with long recoveries to avoid a reduction in race-specific fitness. At the elite level, athlete performance is not dependent solely on (.)Vo(2max), and the "smallest worthwhile change" in performance for improving race results is as little as 0.5%. Consequently, contemporary statistical approaches that utilize the concept of the smallest worthwhile change are likely to be more appropriate than conventional statistical methods when attempting to understand the potential benefits and mechanisms of altitude training.

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Section: Training At Altitudementioning

confidence: 89%

Endurance Training at Altitude

Saunders¹,

Pyne

Gore

2009

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

Self Cite

103

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“…It is often assumed that individuals share a common optimal pattern of movement in the belief that a single most efficient technique exists 74 in the majority of the population (Brisson & Alain, 1996). This notion is evident in the 75 cycling literature (Cannon, Kolkhorst & Cipriani, 2007;Ostler, Betts & Gore, 2008;76 Ettema & Loras, 2009) and may offer an explanation into the lack of research on 77 movement variability in cycling. 78…”

Section: Introduction 49mentioning

confidence: 94%

Intra-limb coordinative adaptations in cycling

Sides

Wilson

2012

Sports Biomechanics

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This study aimed to establish the nature of lower extremity intra-limb coordination variability in cycling and to investigate the coordinative adaptations that occur in response to changes in cadence and work rate. Six trained and six untrained males performed nine pedalling bouts on a cycle ergometer at various cadences and work rates (60, 90, and 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) at 120, 210, and 300W). Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected and flexion/extension angles of the ankle, knee, and hip joints were subsequently calculated. These data were used to determine two intra-limb joint couplings [hip flexion/extension-knee flexion/extension (HK) and knee flexion/extension-ankle plantar-flexion/dorsi-flexion (KA)], which were analysed using continuous relative phase analysis. Trained participants displayed significantly (p < 0.05) lower coordination variability (6.6 +/- 4.0 degrees) than untrained participants (9.2 +/- 4.7 degrees). For the trained subjects, the KA coupling displayed significantly more in-phase motion in the 120 rpm (19.2 +/- 12.3 degrees) than the 60 (30 +/- 7.1 degrees) or 90 rpm (33.1 +/- 7.4 degrees) trials and the HK coupling displayed significantly more in-phase motion in the 90 (33.3 +/- 3.4 degrees) and 120 rpm (27.9 +/- 13.6 degrees) than in the 60 rpm trial (36.4 +/- 3.5 degrees). The results of this study suggest that variability may be detrimental to performance and that a higher cadence is beneficial. However, further study of on-road cycling is necessary before any recommendations can be made.

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“…The few investigations that have examined the effect of Ramadan fasting on the hydration status of sportsmen report conflicting findings. For example, while urine osmolarity increased in Emirates soccer players [7] indicating a state of dehydration, the absence of change in urine specific gravity has been reported in Turkish [8] and Tunisian [9] soccer players. Further, the interaction between participation in Ramadan and exercise and subsequent effects on circulating metabolites are also poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders

Trabelsi

Stannard

Ghlissi

et al. 2013

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundMuslim bodybuilders often continue training during Ramadan. However, the effect of resistance training in a fasted versus a fed state during Ramadan on body composition and metabolic parameters in bodybuilders is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training in a fasted versus a fed state during Ramadan on body composition and metabolic parameters in bodybuilders.MethodsSixteen men were allocated to two groups: Eight practicing resistance training in the late afternoon in a fasted state (FAST), and eight training in the late evening in an acutely fed state (FED) during Ramadan. All visited the laboratory in the morning two days before the start of Ramadan (Bef-R) and on the 29th day of Ramadan (End-R) for anthropometric measurement, completion of a dietary questionnaire, and provision of fasting blood and urine samples.ResultsBody mass and body fat percentage remained unchanged in FAST and FED during the whole period of the investigation. Both FAST and FED experienced an increase in the following parameters from Bef-R to End-R: urine specific gravity (1%; p = 0.028, p = 0.004 respectively), serum concentrations of urea (4%, p = 0.006; 7%, p = 0.004 respectively), creatinine (5%, p = 0.015; 6%, p = 0.04 respectively), uric acid (17%; p < 0.001, p = 0.04 respectively), sodium (1%; p = 0.029, p = 0.019 respectively), chloride (2%; p = 0.039, p = 0.004 respectively), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11%, p = 0.04; 10%, p = 0.04 respectively).ConclusionHypertrophic training in a fasted or in a fed state during Ramadan does not affect body mass and body composition of bodybuilders. Additionally, Ramadan fasting induced changes in urinary and some biochemical parameters, but these changes were not different according to when the training occurred.

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Gross cycling efficiency is not altered with and without toe-clips

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Endurance Training at Altitude

Endurance Training at Altitude

Intra-limb coordinative adaptations in cycling

Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders

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