Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Naturally Occurring Tuberculosis in a Captive Herd of Wapiti <i>(Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni)</i> in Colorado

Rhyan, Jack C.; Saari, Dennis A.; Williams, Elizabeth; Miller, Michael W.; Davis, Al; Wilson, Arach J.

doi:10.1177/104063879200400411

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…While we did not note renal lesions, miliary tuberculosis of the kidney has been documented in red deer (Stuart, 1988). Mammary lesions have been reported in a review (Clifton-Hadley and Wilesmith, 1991) as occurring rarely in cervids, and are described in captive elk in a single original report (Rhyan et al, 1992). The finding of disseminated tuberculosis in the udder in this study establishes the plausibility of doe to fawn transmission via milk, but this solitary case among the large number of animals examined also suggests that such transmission is probably uncommon.…”

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confidence: 49%

Tuberculous Lesions in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

O’Brien

Fitzgerald

Lyon

et al. 2001

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Descriptions of the anatomical distribution of Mycobacterium bovis gross lesions in large samples of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are lacking in the scientific literature. This report describes the distribution of gross lesions in the 58 white-tailed deer that cultured positive for M. bovis among the 19,500 submitted for tuberculosis testing in Michigan (USA) in 1999. For the vast majority (19,348) of those tested, only the head was submitted; for others, only extracranial tissues (33) or both the head and extracranial tissues (119) were available. Among those deer that cultured positive, cranial gross lesions were noted most frequently in the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes, although solitary, unilateral parotid lymph node lesions also were found. Extracranial lesions occurred most commonly in the thorax. The distribution of lesions largely agreed with the few existing case reports of the M. bovis in white-tailed deer, although gross lesions were also found in sites apparently not previously reported in this species (liver, spleen, rumen, mammary gland). Some practical issues that may assist future surveillance and public education efforts are also discussed.

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confidence: 49%

Tuberculous Lesions in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

O’Brien

Fitzgerald

Lyon

et al. 2001

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The abscesslike nature of tuberculous granulomas has been identified in naturally infected white-tailed deer and other members of the family Cervidae. 15,20 Less frequent reports of abscesslike lesions in tuberculous cattle are available. 25 The conversion of a solid or semisolid caseous lesion to one of a more liquid nature is similar to the liquefaction of tuberculous pulmonary lesions described in humans and experimentally infected rabbits and due to the action of various proteinases and nucleases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesion Development in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis

2002

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Abstract. The recent discovery of tuberculosis in free-living white-tailed deer in northeastern Michigan underscores the need for increased understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in wildlife species. To investigate lesion development in white-tailed deer, 32 deer were experimentally infected by intratonsilar instillation of 300 colony-forming units of Mycobacterium bovis. Three deer each were euthanatized and examined at days 15, 28, 42, and 56 after inoculation, and five deer each were euthanatized and examined at days 89, 180, 262, and 328 after inoculation. Microscopic lesions first were seen in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and lung 28 and 42 days after inoculation, respectively. Lung lesions were present in 12 (38%) of 32 deer, involving 23 lung lobes. Left caudal and right middle and caudal lobes were involved in 17 (74%) of the 23 affected lung lobes. Lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node first appeared as granulomas composed of aggregates of macrophages and Langhans-type giant cells. Some early granulomas contained centrally located neutrophils. As granulomas developed, neutrophils were replaced with a central zone of caseous necrosis that first showed signs of mineralization 42 days after inoculation. Granulomas increased in size as the zone of caseous necrosis expanded. Peripheral fibrosis, first seen at 56 days after inoculation, progressed to only a thin fibrous capsule by 328 days after inoculation. By the termination of the study, the central necrotic core of the granuloma contained abundant liquefied necrotic material and grossly resembled an abscess. Although tuberculous lesions in white-tailed deer follow a developmental pattern similar to that in cattle, fibrosis is less pronounced and the advanced lesions may liquefy, a change seldom reported in cattle. An understanding of lesion development will aid in the identification of the spectrum of disease that may be seen in this important wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis.Key words: Deer; granuloma; Mycobacterium bovis; Odocoileus virginianus; tuberculosis.In 1994, a free-living white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan was diagnosed with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. 22 Subsequent surveys conducted by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory identified an epidemic of M. bovis infection in free-living white-tailed deer in northeastern Michigan. 13,22 This represents the first known reservoir of M. bovis in free-living wildlife in the United States and the first known epidemic of tuberculosis in white-tailed deer in the world. Several factors are thought to have contributed to the establishment and persistence of M. bovis in this wildlife reservoir. These factors include the large number of cattle infected with M. bovis in Michigan during the late 1950s 8 and a deer population that has steadily grown beyond normal habitat carrying capacity to focal concentrations of 19-23 deer per km 2 . 22 A contributing factor to overpopul...

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“…Microscopically, tuberculous granulomas in rein- deer were similar to those described for other species of Cervidae. 14,15 Areas of caseous necrosis were surrounded by infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages, Langhan's type multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. Acid-fast bacilli, however, were few in number and invariably located within the necrotic caseum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intradermal tuberculin testing is the approved means of antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in Cervidae. Although the prevalence is low and varies with geographic region, tuberculosis has been reported in various species of Cervidae including elk, 15,19 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 1 fallow deer (Dama dama), 21 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally Induced Infection of Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) with Mycobacterium Bovis

et al. 2006

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Abstract. In the USA, all species of Cervidae are included in the USDA's uniform methods and rules for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and, therefore, are subject to regulations regarding intradermal tuberculin testing. In reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), infection with Mycobacterium bovis is exceedingly rare and the response of reindeer to infection with M. bovis in pathologic and immunologic terms is unknown. The objectives of the study reported here were to describe the pathologic changes associated with M. bovis infection in reindeer and evaluate the effectiveness of intradermal tuberculin testing as a means of diagnosis of tuberculosis in reindeer. Thirteen reindeer were inoculated intratonsilarly with 10 5 colony-forming units (CFU) of M. bovis, and 4 noninoculated reindeer served as negative controls. The comparative cervical test (CCT) was done on all reindeer 90 and 240 days after inoculation. Thirteen months after inoculation, all reindeer were euthanized and examined. All experimentally inoculated reindeer developed lesions in the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The CCT accurately identified all M. bovis-inoculated reindeer, but false-positive results were common among negative-control reindeer. Modifications of the method for interpretation of the CCT decreased falsepositive results without increasing false-negative results. Reindeer are susceptible to infection with M. bovis; however, lesions are fewer in number, less severe in nature, and less widely disseminated than are those seen in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Comparative cervical skin testing of reindeer can be highly sensitive, but has low specificity. Specificity can be improved by modification of criteria for interpretation of the CCT.

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Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Naturally Occurring Tuberculosis in a Captive Herd of Wapiti (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) in Colorado

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Tuberculous Lesions in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

Tuberculous Lesions in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer in Michigan

Lesion Development in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis

Experimentally Induced Infection of Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) with Mycobacterium Bovis

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