Gross and Histological Criteria for Developmental Disorders in Brains of Schizophrenics

Jakob, Hermann; Beckmann, H.

doi:10.1177/014107688908200808

Cited by 94 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These MRI findings are also consistent with several post-mortem findings which have reported both reduced volume in the amygdala-hippocampal complex and increased temporal horn volume (e.g. Bogerts et al, 1985;Brown et al, 1986;Colter et al, 1987;Crow et al, 1989;Falkai and Bogerts, 1986;Falkai et al, 1988;Jakob and Beckmann, 1989;Jeste and Lohr, 1989;Kovelman and Scheibel, 1984). These findings are also consistent with a post-mortem study of Alzheimer's patients and schizophrenic patients by Crow et al (1989), which showed enlarged temporal horn region of the lateral ventricles in schizophrenic patients compared with Alzheimer patients.…”

Section: Lateral Ventriclessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Benes et al, 1991;Bogerts, 1984;Bogerts et al, 1985;Brown et al, 1986;Colter et al, 1987;Crow et al, 1989;Falkai and Bogerts, 1986;Falkai et al, 1988;Jakob and Beckmann, 1989;Jeste and Lohr, 1989;Kovelman and Scheibel, 1984). Additionally, many of these findings were lateralized to the left side of the brain, leading to the speculation that schizophrenia may be an anomaly of cerebral development (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Shenton

Dickey

Frumin

et al. 2001

Schizophrenia Research

2,128

121

1,332

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After more than 100 years of research, the neuropathology of schizophrenia remains unknown and this is despite the fact that both Kraepelin (1919/1971: Kraepelin,E., 1919/1971. Dementia praecox. Churchill Livingston Inc., New York) and Bleuler (1911/1950: Bleuler, E., 1911/1950. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York), who first described 'dementia praecox' and the ' schizophrenias', were convinced that schizophrenia would ultimately be linked to an organic brain disorder. Alzheimer (1897: Alzheimer, A., 1897. Beitrage zur pathologischen anatomie der hirnrinde und zur anatomischen grundlage einiger psychosen. Monatsschrift fur Psychiarie und Neurologie. 2, 82-120) was the first to investigate the neuropathology of schizophrenia, though he went on to study more tractable brain diseases. The results of subsequent neuropathological studies were disappointing because of conflicting findings. Research interest thus waned and did not flourish again until 1976, following the pivotal computer assisted tomography (CT) finding of lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia by Johnstone and colleagues. Since that time significant progress has been made in brain imaging, particularly with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beginning with the first MRI study of schizophrenia by Smith and coworkers in 1984 (Smith, R.C., Calderon, M., Ravichandran, G. K., et al. (1984). Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 12, 137-147). MR in vivo imaging of the brain now confirms brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.The 193 peer reviewed MRI studies reported in the current review span the period from 1988 to August, 2000. This 12 year period has witnessed a burgeoning of MRI studies and has led to more definitive findings of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia than any other time period in the history of schizophrenia research. Such progress in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia is largely due to advances in in vivo MRI techniques. These advances have now led to the identification of a number of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Some of these abnormalities confirm earlier postmortem findings, and most are small and subtle, rather than large, thus necessitating more advanced and accurate measurement tools. These findings include ventricular enlargement (80% of studies reviewed) and third ventricle enlargement (73% of studies reviewed). There is also preferential involvement of medial temporal lobe structures (74% of studies reviewed), which include the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and neocortical temporal lobe regions (superior temporal gyrus) (100% of studies reviewed). When gray and white matter of superior temporal gyrus was combined, 67% of studies reported abnormalities. There was also moderate evidence for frontal lobe abnormalities (59% of studies reviewed), particularly prefrontal gray matter and orbitofrontal regions. Similarly, there was moderate evidence for parietal lobe ab...

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Section: Lateral Ventriclessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Shenton

Dickey

Frumin

et al. 2001

Schizophrenia Research

2,128

121

1,332

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given that the asymmetric pattern of the planum temporale is obvious by the 29th-31st week of gestation (42), our result is consistent with a disruption of normal fetal neurodevelopment, as also suggested by other evidence (2,43,44). Crow (15) and others (16) are proponents of the view that schizophrenia involves a marked developmental disturbance of normal brain asymmetries.…”

Section: Total Brainsupporting

confidence: 89%

Planum temporale asymmetry reversal in schizophrenia: replication and relationship to gray matter abnormalities

Barta

Pearlson

Brill³

et al. 1997

AJP

178

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I nvestigators studying the brains of schizophrenic patients have paid particular attention to limbic (mesial) temporal regions, following clinical observations of symptomatic schizophrenias (1). Neuropathologic examinations (2) and, later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies (3-5) showed temporal limbic abnormalities, including smaller than normal amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus.More recently, investigators have also studied the lateral temporal neocortex, which to a large extent is anatomically and functionally separate from mesial temporal structures. One neocortical region, the superior temporal gyrus, has been most often assessed, initially on the basis of physiologic observations (6). We (3) first noted low volume of the anterior superior temporal gyrus, associated with the severity of auditory hallucinations. Shenton et al. (4) reported low volume of the posterior superior temporal gyrus gray matter, associated with severity of thought disorder. Certain of these findings were later replicated (e.g., references 7 and 8), although not universally (9), and supported by related functional studies (10-12).The planum temporale is a portion of the surface of the posterior superior temporal gyrus. It has interested schizophrenia researchers for several reasons. These include evidence of abnormalities of language (13), electrophysiology, and brain asymmetries (14-16) associated with schizophrenia. To our knowledge, there has been only one neuropathologic study of the planum temporale that compared schizophrenic patients and a normal comparison group (17). This assessed both surface areas and volumes, indicating reversed asymmetry

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“…27 There were reduced levels of SNAP-25, especially in the terminal fields of the entorhinal cortex, where others have also found deficits in cortical connectivity in patients with schizophrenia. 43 Using quantitative Western blotting, others have also found decreased levels of SNAP-25 in the inferior temporal cortex and the prefrontal association cortex, 44 brain areas that are smaller in schizophrenic patients. 16 The SNAP-25 gene has been provisionally mapped to 20p12-20p11.2, 45 and one group has found weak evidence of linkage at 20p11.23 for schizoaffective disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of candidate genes for psychosis in rat models, and possible association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3η gene

et al. 2003

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Although the genetic contribution to schizophrenia is substantial, positive findings in wholegenome linkage scans have not been consistently replicated. We analyzed gene expression in various rat conditions to identify novel candidate genes for schizophrenia. Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH), with polyA mRNA from temporal and frontal cortex of rats, was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Expression of mRNA was compared between adult Lewis and Fischer 344 (F344) rats, adult and postnatal day 6 (d6) F344, and adult F344 treated with haloperidol or control vehicle. These groups were chosen because each highlights a particular aspect of schizophrenia: differences in strain vulnerability to behavioral analogs of psychosis; factors that may relate to disease onset in relation to CNS development; and improvement of symptoms by haloperidol. The 14-3-3 gene family, as represented by 14-3-3c and 14-3-3f isoforms in the SSH study, and SNAP-25 were among the candidate genes. Genetic association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3g gene, positioned close to a genomic locus implicated in schizophrenia, and SNAP-25 genes was analyzed in 168 schizophrenia probands and their families. These findings address three different genes in the 14-3-3 family. We find a significant association with schizophrenia for two polymorphisms in the 14-3-3g gene: a 7 bp variable number of tandem repeats in the 5 0 noncoding region (P ¼ 0.036, 1 df), and a 3 0 untranslated region SNP (753G/A) that is an RFLP visualized with Ava II (P ¼ 0.028). There was no significant genetic association with SNAP-25. The candidate genes identified may be of functional importance in the etiology, pathophysiology or treatment response of schizophrenia or psychotic symptoms. This is to our knowledge the first report of a significant association between the 14-3-3g-chain gene and schizophrenia in a family-based sample, strengthening prior association reports in case-control studies and microarray gene expression studies.

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Gross and Histological Criteria for Developmental Disorders in Brains of Schizophrenics

Cited by 94 publications

References 20 publications

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Planum temporale asymmetry reversal in schizophrenia: replication and relationship to gray matter abnormalities

Identification of candidate genes for psychosis in rat models, and possible association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3η gene

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