Gross anatomical features of the sternum of green-winged <italic>macaw</italic> (<italic>Ara Chloroptera</italic>)

Abstract

The present study was conducted on the sternum of an eight year old, male Green-winged Macaw. The sternum was quadrilateral with dorsal concave and ventral convex surfaces and four borders. The dorsal surface presented numerous pneumatic foramina. The ventral surface furnished a large, boat shaped keel. The anterior extremity showed two facets for coracoid. The anterior and posterior borders were convex. The lateral border on either side presented six costal facets. Two distinct oval foramina were seen near the posterior border. Craniolateral processes were short and stump-like. Caudolateral processes fused with the median trabecula on either side. The rostrum was distinct. The morphological features of the sternum of Green-winged Macaw conformed to that of flying group of birds. It was almost similar to that of goose in its anterior half and to that of pigeon in its posterior half.

Gross morphological studies on the sternum of crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela)

“…The ventral surface presented a large, boat shaped keel along its median line. The cranial extremity of this surface showed two rough, transverse facets for coracoid, guarded by dorsal and ventral lips as also reported in green-winged macaw (Sreeranjini et al, 2015).…”

“…The body was quadrilateral plate with concave dorsal and convex ventral surfaces and four borders as also reported in fowl (Nickel et al, 1977), ostrich (Sathyamoorthy and Ramesh 2006;Predoi et al, 2009), pariah kite (Tomar et al, 2011), spot-billed pelican (Sathyamoorthy et al, 2012) and green-winged macaw (Sreeranjini et al, 2015), whereas the sternum was large bowl shaped in emu and rectangular in duck (Jayachitra et al, 2015). Numerous pneumatic foramina were present on the dorsal surface as also reported in green-winged macaw (Sreeranjini et al, 2015). Pneumatic foramina communicate with clavicular air sac and help to lower the wing load without loss of strength.…”

“…The sternum was an extensive bone, which forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and a greater part of the abdominal cavity of crested serpent eagle. The sternum (Fig 1-3) was a thin, flat bone with a body (corpus sterni), rostrum (manubrium sterni) and keel (carina sterni or sternal crest) as also reported in green-winged macaw (Sreeranjini et al, 2015).…”

“…The birds are referred to as 'carinates' and 'ratites' depending upon the presence or absence of a well developed keel on the sternum (Mc Lelland, 1990). Several studies have been conducted on the sternum of bald ibis (Nejdet et al, 2002), emu (Jagapathi et al, 2007), ostrich (Sathyamoorthy and Ramesh 2006;Predoi et al, 2009), pariah kite (Tomar et al, 2011), spot-billed pelican (Sathyamoorthy et al, 2012), green-winged macaw (Sreeranjini et al, 2015), peacock, turkey, duck, white-breasted water hen (Pathak et al, 2017) and, Indian mynah, bulbul and sparrow (John et al, 2017). The information about the sternum of crested serpent eagle is scanty.…”

Three- dimensional reconstruction of the thorax in the mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)

“…In the field of veterinary anatomy, 3D reconstruct ion has been used generally in locomotor system (Zhang et al, 2016). But also it has been used to demonstrate the biometric values of the respiratory system in the New Zealand rabbit (Dayan and Besoluk, 2011), bronchi of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) (Schachner et al, 2013), respiratory organs of the Egyptian tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni) (Saber and Basma, 2010), to perform morphometric measurements in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (Plesis, 2015;Ivancic et al, 2014), sternum of green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera) (Sreeranjini et al, 2015). Also lymph nodes in the thoracic cavities of wild boar (Akaydın Bozkurt et al, 2017).…”