Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite

Siidra, Oleg I.; Чуканов, Н. В.; Nekrasova, Diana O.; Pekov, Igor V.; Depmeier, Wulf; Polekhovsky, Yury S.; Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O.

doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2723

Cited by 4 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…5; Tables 4 and 5). Their respective coordination environments are similar to those of the corresponding Pb positions in the recently described structure of grootfonteinite (Siidra et al, 2018a), despite the fact that the latter crystallizes in space group P6 3 /mmc and both structures differ in their number of formula units per elementary cell (3 and 2 for hydrocerussite and grootfonteinite, respectively) as well as in the stacking sequence of their layered building units. Pb1, fully occupied on Wyckoff position 6c, site symmetry 3m (4f, 3m in grootfonteinite), is coordinated by three symmetrically equivalent bidentate co-planar carbonate anions resulting in six Pb-O1 bonds of about 2.7 Å .…”

Section: Cation and Anion Coordinationsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Identification of these minerals using the currently prevailing methodology of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is problematic owing to their nearly identical EDS spectra. Available analytical data obtained using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) (Cameca SX-100, 20 kV, 20 nA and 1 mm beam diameter) for hydrocerussite and Pb oxo-hydroxide carbonates (Rumsey et al, 2012;Siidra et al, 2018aSiidra et al, , 2018c, suggest that the compositions of these minerals are close to their ideal formulae and lead is the only detectable element. The concentration of other elements included in the analytical protocols (e.g.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Hydrocerussite-related Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar decomposition into sheets and blocks as described above for the structure of hydrocerussite can also be performed for other members of the group of LBLC. For example, the recently described structure of grootfonteinite, with space group P6 3 /mmc and a $ 5.3 Å and c $ 13.8 Å (Siidra et al, 2018a), contains also uncharged blocks with outside polar C-type sheets and a non-polar middle sheet. However, the latter differs from that of hydrocerussite by having a composition [PbO] 0 (LO sheet) instead of [Pb(OH) 2 ] 0 .…”

Section: Structural Relationships Of Hydrocerussite With Other Layerementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note, however, that NaPb 2 (OH)(CO 3 ) 2 , the synthetic analogue of the mineral abellaite, was originally described in non-centrosymmetric space group P6 3 mc by Krivovichev et al (2000b), and later in space group P31c by Belokoneva et al (2002). Recently, doubt was cast on these symmetry assignments (Siidra et al, 2018a;Bette et al, 2017) and centrosymmetric P6 3 /mmc was proposed instead as the correct space group. Similarly, P6 3 mc was applied for the Rietveld refinement of the natural mineral abellaite (Ibá ñ ez-Insa et al, 2017), but this should probably be P6 3 /mmc as well.…”

Section: Structural Relationships Of Hydrocerussite With Other Layerementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineral source references: hydrocerussite (this work) / synthetic analogue 1 (Martinetto et al, 2002) / synthetic analogue 2 (this work); plumbonacrite (Rumsey et al, 2012) / synthetic analogue (Krivovichev & Burns, 2000a); synthetic Na (Krivovichev et al, 2000b;Belokoneva et al, 2002) / K, Pb-hydroxycarbonates (Brooker et al, 1983;Bette et al, 2017); grootfonteinite (Siidra et al, 2018a); abellaite (Ibá ñ ez-Insa et al, 2017); unnamed slag phase from Lavrion (Siidra et al, 2018b); somersetite (Siidra et al, 2018c); susannite (Steele et al, 1999); macphersonite (Steele et al, 1998); leadhillite (Giuseppetti et al, 1990 R3m P 3c1 (a) P6 3 /mmc (b) P6 3 /mmc P6 3 /mmc (c) a (Å ) 5.2475 (1) / 5.2465 (6) / 5.257 (3) 9.0921 (5) / 9.0891 (7) 5.268 1 4. 470, 33 / 4.462, 27 / 4.471, 22 4.26, 80 4.568, 29 / 4.631, 25 (d) 4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Siidra

Nekrasova

Depmeier

et al. 2018

Acta Crystallogr Sect B

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White lead or basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO·Pb(OH), the synthetic analogue of hydrocerussite Pb(OH)(CO), has been known since antiquity as the most frequently used white paint. A number of different minerals and synthetic materials compositionally and structurally related to hydrocerussite have been described within the last two decades. Herein, a review is given of general structural principles, chemical variations and IR spectra of the rapidly growing family of hydrocerussite-related minerals and synthetic materials. Only structures containing a hydroxo- and/or oxo-component, i.e. which are compositionally directly related with hydrocerussite and `white lead', are reviewed in detail. An essential structural feature of all the considered phases is the presence of electroneutral [PbCO] cerussite-type layers or sheets. Various interleaved sheets can be incorporated between the cerussite-type sheets. Different sheets are stacked into two-dimensional blocks separated by the stereochemically active 6s lone electron pairs on Pb cations. Minerals and synthetic materials described herein, together with a number of still hypothetical members, constitute a family of modular structures. Hydrocerussite, abellaite and grootfonteinite can be considered to constitute a merotype family of structures. The remaining hydrocerussite-related structures discussed are built on similar principles, but are more complex. Structural architectures of somersetite and slag phase from Lavrion, Attica, Greece, are unique for oxysalt mineral structures in general. Thus, the whole family of hydrocerussite-related phases can be denoted as a plesiotype family of modular structures. The crystal structures of hydrocerussite from Merehead quarry, Somerset, England, and of its synthetic analogue, both determined from single crystals, are reported here for the first time. The results of the infrared (IR) spectroscopy show that this method is useful for distinguishing several different minerals related to hydrocerussite and their synthetic analogues.

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Section: Cation and Anion Coordinationsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Chemical Composition Of Hydrocerussite-related Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structural Relationships Of Hydrocerussite With Other Layerementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structural Relationships Of Hydrocerussite With Other Layerementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Siidra

Nekrasova

Depmeier

et al. 2018

Acta Crystallogr Sect B

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Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

Gliozzo

Ionescu

2021

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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This review summarises the state-of-the-art of lead-based pigment studies, addressing their production, trade, use and possible alteration. Other issues, such as those related to the investigation and protection of artworks bearing lead-based pigments are also presented. The focus is mineralogical, as both raw materials and degradation products are mineral phases occurring in nature (except for very few cases). The minerals described are abellaite, anglesite, blixite, caledonite, challacolloite, cerussite, cotunnite, crocoite, galena, grootfonteinite, hydrocerussite, laurionite, leadhillite, litharge, macphersonite, massicot, mimetite, minium, palmierite, phosgenite, plattnerite, plumbonacrite, schulténite, scrutinyite, somersetite, susannite, vanadinite and an unnamed phase (PbMg(CO3)2). The pigments discussed are lead white, red lead, litharge, massicot, lead-tin yellow, lead-tin-antimony yellow, lead-chromate yellow and Naples yellow. An attempt is made to describe the history, technology and alteration of these pigments in the most complete manner possible, despite the topic's evident breadth. Finally, an insight into the analytical methods that can (and should) be used for accurate archaeometric investigations and a summary of key concepts conclude this review, along with a further list of references for use as a starting point for further research.

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The hydrocerussite-related phase, NaPb₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₃, from the ancient slags of Lavrion, Greece

et al. 2018

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The hydrocerussite-related phase, NaPb5(CO3)4(OH)3, has been found as colourless lamellar crystals in cavities within a pebble of the ancient marine slag collected in the Pacha Limani area of the Lavrion mining district, Attiki, Greece. This phase of anthropogenic origin was characterized by electron microprobe, infrared spectroscopy, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The unique crystal structure (P63/mmc, a = 5.2533(11), c = 29.425(6) Å, V = 703.3(3) Å3 and R1 = 0.047) is based upon structurally and chemically different electroneutral blocks. Each of the blocks can be split into separate sheets. The outer sheets in each block are topologically identical and have the composition [PbCO3]0. The [Pb(OH)2]0 lead hydroxide sheet is sandwiched between the two [PbCO3]0 sheets resulting in the formation of the first block [Pb3(OH)2(CO3)2]0 structurally and compositionally identical to that one in hydrocerussite Pb3(OH)2(CO3)2. Similarly the [Na(OH)]0 sheet is sandwiched between another two [PbCO3]0 sheets thus forming the [NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2]0 block described previously in the structure of abellaite NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2. Stereochemically active lone electron pairs on Pb2+ cations are located between the blocks. There are two blocks of each type per unit cell, which corresponds to the following formula: [Pb3(OH)2(CO3)2][NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2] or NaPb5(CO3)4(OH)3 in the simplified representation. The formation of NaPb5(CO3)4(OH)3 in Lavrion slags is by the contact of lead-rich slags with the sea water over the last two thousand years.

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Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

The hydrocerussite-related phase, NaPb₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₃, from the ancient slags of Lavrion, Greece

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Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

The hydrocerussite-related phase, NaPb5(CO3)4(OH)3, from the ancient slags of Lavrion, Greece

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The hydrocerussite-related phase, NaPb₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₃, from the ancient slags of Lavrion, Greece