Gridded Emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, NH3, HCl, CH4, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and NMVOC from Open Municipal Waste Burning in India

Sharma, Gaurav; Sinha, Baerbel; Pallavi, .; Hakkim, Haseeb; Chandra, B. P.; Kumar, Ashish; Sinha, Vinayak

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b07076

Cited by 89 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…and 10.9 and was 3.68 ± 0.58 for petrol vehicles, which is consistent with the previous works of Guo et al (2011;2.0-3.8). For the diesel vehicles, the T / B ratio in our study was 0.37 ± 0.20, which is similar to the average T / B ratio (0.37) from diesel vehicles in Australia (Anyon et al, 2003), Germany (0.56;Siegl et al, 1999) and Tokyo (0.3;Yamamoto et al, 2012). Furthermore, T / B ratios can also be useful for distinguishing the paddy stubble fire emissions in the flaming (0.38 ± 0.11) and smouldering stages (1.40 ± 0.10).…”

Section: Molar Emission Ratios Of Nmhcs In Different Emission Sourcessupporting

confidence: 84%

Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies

et al. 2020

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Abstract. In complex atmospheric emission environments such as urban agglomerates, multiple sources control the ambient chemical composition driving air quality and regional climate. In contrast to pristine sites, where reliance on single or a few chemical tracers is often adequate for resolving pollution plumes and source influences, the comprehensive chemical fingerprinting of sources using non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and the identification of suitable tracer molecules and emission ratios becomes necessary. Here, we characterise and present chemical fingerprints of some major urban and agricultural emission sources active in South Asia, such as paddy stubble burning, garbage burning, idling vehicular exhaust and evaporative fuel emissions. A total of 121 whole air samples were actively collected from the different emission sources in passivated air sampling steel canisters and then analysed for 49 NMHCs (22 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) using thermal desorption gas chromatography flame ionisation detection. Several new insights were obtained. Propane was found to be present in paddy stubble fire emissions (8 %), and therefore, for an environment impacted by crop residue fires, the use of propane as a fugitive liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) emission tracer must be done with caution. Propene was found to be ∼ 1.6 times greater (by weight) than ethene in smouldering paddy fires. Compositional differences were observed between evaporative emissions of domestic LPG and commercial LPG, which are used in South Asia. While the domestic LPG vapours had more propane (40 ± 6 %) than n-butane (19 ± 2 %), the converse was true for commercial LPG vapours (7 ± 6 % and 37 ± 4 %, respectively). Isoprene was identified as a new tracer for distinguishing paddy stubble and garbage burning in the absence of isoprene emissions at night from biogenic sources. Analyses of source-specific inter-NMHC molar ratios revealed that toluene/benzene ratios can be used to distinguish among paddy stubble fire emissions in the flaming (0.38 ± 0.11) and smouldering stages (1.40 ± 0.10), garbage burning flaming (0.26 ± 0.07) and smouldering emissions (0.59 ± 0.16), and traffic emissions (3.54 ± 0.21), whereas i-pentane ∕ n-pentane can be used to distinguish biomass burning emissions (0.06–1.46) from the petrol-dominated traffic and fossil fuel emissions (2.83–4.13). i-butane ∕ n-butane ratios were similar (0.20–0.30) for many sources and could be used as a tracer for photochemical ageing. In agreement with previous studies, i-pentane, propane and acetylene were identified as suitable chemical tracers for petrol vehicular and evaporative emissions, LPG evaporative and vehicular emissions and flaming-stage biomass fires, respectively. The secondary pollutant formation potential and human health impact of the sources was also assessed in terms of their hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity (s−1), ozone formation potential (OFP; gO3/gNMHC) and fractional benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) content. Petrol vehicular emissions, paddy stubble fires and garbage fires were found to have a higher pollution potential (at ≥95 % confidence interval) relative to the other sources studied in this work. Thus, many results of this study provide a new foundational framework for quantitative source apportionment studies in complex emission environments.

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Section: Molar Emission Ratios Of Nmhcs In Different Emission Sourcessupporting

confidence: 84%

Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies

et al. 2020

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“…The supplement for this article describes a list of known inventory issues at the time of submission, as well as a number of additional CEDSGBD-MAPS details, tables and figures, and data sources, including the following: (Boden et al, 2016(Boden et al, , 2017BP, 2015;Doxsey-Whitfield et al, 2015;EC-JRC/PBL, 2012EIA, 2019;IEA, 2015;Klein Goldewijk et al, 2011;Sharma et al, 2019;Stohl et al, 2015;The World Bank, 2016;UN, 2014UN, , 2015Wiedinmyer et al, 2014;Commoner et al, 2000;Reyna-Bensusan et al, 2018;Nagpure et al, 2015;Meidiana and Gamse, 2010;US EPA, 2006).…”

Section: Information About the Supplementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017): An application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)

McDuffie¹,

Smith²,

O'Rourke³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Global anthropogenic emission inventories remain vital for understanding the fate and transport of atmospheric pollution, as well as the resulting impacts on the environment, human health, and society. Rapid changes in today’s society require that these inventories provide contemporary estimates of multiple atmospheric pollutants with both source sector and fuel-type information to understand and effectively mitigate future impacts. To fill this need, we have updated the open-source Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) (Hoesly et al., 2019) to develop a new global emission inventory, CEDSGBD-MAPS. This inventory includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, NMVOCs, BC, OC) over the time period from 1970–2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture, energy generation, industrial processes, transportation (on-road and non-road), residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO), waste, solvent use, and international-shipping) and four fuel categories (total coal, solid biofuel, and the sum of liquid fuels and natural gas combustion, plus remaining process-level emissions). The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory additionally includes global gridded (0.5°×0.5°) emission fluxes with monthly time resolution for each compound, sector, and fuel-type to facilitate their use in earth system models. CEDSGBD-MAPS utilizes updated activity data, updates to the core CEDS default calibration procedure, and modifications to the final procedures for emissions gridding and aggregation to retain sector and fuel-specific information. Relative to the previous CEDS data released for CMIP6 (Hoesly et al., 2018), these updates extend the emission estimates from 2014 to 2017 and improve the overall agreement between CEDS and two widely used global bottom-up emission inventories. The CEDSGBD-MAPS inventory provides the most contemporary global emission estimates to-date for these key atmospheric pollutants and is the first to provide global estimates for these species as a function of multiple fuel-types across multiple source sectors. Dominant sources of global NOx and SO2 emissions in 2017 include the combustion of oil, gas, and coal in the energy and industry sectors, as well as on-road transportation and international shipping for NOx. Dominant sources of global CO emissions in 2017 include on-road transportation and residential biofuel combustion. Dominant global sources of carbonaceous aerosol in 2017 include residential biofuel combustion, on-road transportation (BC only), as well as emissions from waste. Global emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, BC, and OC all peak in 2012 or earlier, with more recent emission reductions driven by large changes in emissions from China, North America, and Europe. In contrast, global emissions of NH3 and NMVOCs continuously increase between 1970 and 2017, with agriculture serving as a major source of global NH3 emissions and solvent use, energy, residential, and the on-road transport sectors as major sources of global NMVOCs. Due to similar development methods and underlying datasets, the CEDSGBD-MAPS emissions are expected to have consistent sources of uncertainty as other bottom-up inventories, including uncertainties in the underlying activity data and sector- and region-specific emission factors. The CEDSGBD-MAPS source code is publicly available online through GitHub: https://github.com/emcduffie/CEDS/tree/CEDS_GBD-MAPS. The CEDSGBD-MAPS emission inventory dataset (both annual country-total and global gridded files) is publicly available and registered under: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964 (McDuffie et al., 2020).

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“…VOC emission estimates from alternate fire inventories (Streets et al, ; Venkataraman et al, ; Wiedinmyer et al, ) are >2 times higher than GFEDv4, providing support for this contention. Contributing factors could include underestimated sources such as municipal waste burning (Sharma et al, ) or uncharacterized pyrogenic VOCs (Kumar et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contributing factors could include underestimated sources such as municipal waste burning (Sharma et al, 2019) or uncharacterized pyrogenic VOCs (Kumar et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Indian Subcontinent Using Space‐Based Formaldehyde Measurements

2019

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India is an air pollution mortality hot spot, but regional emissions are poorly understood. We present a high‐resolution nested chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) simulation for the Indian subcontinent and use it to interpret formaldehyde (HCHO) observations from two satellite sensors (OMI and GOME‐2A) in terms of constraints on regional volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. We find modeled biogenic VOC emissions to be overestimated by ~30–60% for most locations and seasons, and derive a best estimate biogenic flux of 16 Tg C/year subcontinent‐wide for year 2009. Terrestrial vegetation provides approximately half the total VOC flux in our base‐case inversions (full uncertainty range: 44–65%). This differs from prior understanding, in which biogenic emissions represent >70% of the total. Our derived anthropogenic VOC emissions increase slightly (13–16% in the base case, for a subcontinent total of 15 Tg C/year in 2009) over RETRO year 2000 values, with some larger regional discrepancies. The optimized anthropogenic emissions agree well with the more recent CEDS inventory, both subcontinent‐wide (within 2%) and regionally. An exception is the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, where we find an underestimate for both RETRO and CEDS. Anthropogenic emissions thus constitute 37–50% of the annual regional VOC source in our base‐case inversions and exceed biogenic emissions over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, West India, and South India, and over the entire subcontinent during winter and post‐monsoon. Fires are a minor fraction (<7%) of the total regional VOC source in the prior and optimized model. However, evidence suggests that VOC emissions in the fire inventory used here (GFEDv4) are too low over the Indian subcontinent.

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Gridded Emissions of CO, NO_x, SO₂, CO₂, NH₃, HCl, CH₄, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC, and NMVOC from Open Municipal Waste Burning in India

Cited by 89 publications

References 46 publications

Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies

Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies

A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017): An application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)

Constraining Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Indian Subcontinent Using Space‐Based Formaldehyde Measurements

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