Grid-price-dependent energy management in microgrids using a modified simulated annealing triple-optimizer

A rolling horizon optimization framework for the simultaneous energy supply and demand planning in microgrids

“…(17). The second term of this equation determines the exact energy consumption for those time intervals in which the energy consumption will not take place during the overall time interval.…”

“…More recently, Zondervan et al [16] developed a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) formulation for process industries, in which the objective was to minimize the operational cost according to the availability and price of energy, by determining the optimal schedule of processing tasks. With regards to energy prices, Velik and Nicolay [17] presented a simulated annealing approach for the profit maximization in a power grid under time-dependent prices.…”

Model-based and model-free “plug-and-play” building energy efficient control

“…That is why in recent years, there has been a considerable effort in using BEPS models (modelled via EnergyPlus, TRNSYS, etc.) not only for simulation and energy estimation purposes, but also for assisting the control design [17][18][19][20][21]. As BEPS models are too complex for allowing their analytical description in each and every detail, simulation-based control designs must employ gradient-free optimization algorithms, since the calculation of the gradient requires the analytical model of the system to be controlled.…”

“…Model-based ''plug-and-play'' BOC designs utilize available BEPS models for assessing the energy performance of the controlled building [17][18][19][20][21]. A BEPS model of the building is connected to a parameterized BOC system; the significant advantage of model-based designs is that an optimizer updates the parameters of the BOC system by evaluating them via the BEPS model, possibly using realistic conditions and physical constraints that occur during real-life building operations.…”

Optimal energy management for industrial microgrids with high-penetration renewables

“…This electric power trading with the main grid has traditionally been based on a fixed, pre-determined price per kWh. However, with the incorporation of smart meter technologies, capable of accurately measuring energy production and consumption in each time instant, a shift to time-varying electricity pricing models is being occurred recently [1]. Advanced control technologies that can combine together several generation systems and energy storage systems in microgrid entity are emerging to offer customers the opportunity to access reliable and secured electricity locally, sell power during surplus generation or peak grid price time periods, and buy power in case of generation scarcity or cheap electricity prices time instants.…”